模拟光条件下禾本科植物和藜科植物蒸腾特性与水分利用效率比较

利用人工模拟光源研究了两种 C4 光合途径禾本科植物 (虎尾草、狗尾草 )和两种 C3光合途径藜科植物 (藜、绿藜 )的光合速率 ( Pn)、蒸腾速率 ( Tr)、水分利用率 ( WUE)、气孔导度 ( Gs)、胞间 CO2 浓度 ( Ci)及叶面饱和蒸气压亏缺 ( Vpdl)随模拟光辐射 ( SPR)增强的变化规律及 Gs、Ci、Vpdl对 Tr和 WUE的影响。结果表明 :( 1 ) 4种植物的 Pn和 Tr均随 SPR增强而增大 ,两种藜科植物最大净 Pn和 Tr均高于两种禾本科植物的最大净 Pn和 Tr。 ( 2 ) WUE随 SPR增强先增大后减小 ,两种禾本科植物和两种藜科植物分别在SPR为 40 0、1 2 0 0 μmol/( m2·s)时达到最大值 ,禾本科植物的最大 WUE明显高于藜科植物。 ( 3) 4种植物的 Gs、Ci均随 SPR的增强而减小 ,两种藜科植物的 Gs和 Ci均显著高于两种禾本科植物。4种植物的 Vpdl均随 SPR增强而增大 ,禾本科植物高于藜科植物。实验表明 ,在以水分为限制因素的半干旱草原区 ,禾本科植物具有更好的保水机制和更高的水分利用效率 ,与藜科植物相比 ,在水分生态上具有一定的竞争优势。     

饮用水源保护区生态服务补偿研究与应用

饮用水源保护区是确保饮用水安全的重要屏障,目前迫切需要引入生态服务补偿机制作为饮用水源保护区限制型政策的必要补充.生态系统所提供的服务分别属于人类和自然两种价值系统,生态服务补偿的目的是在两种价值观发生冲突时,首先保障自然价值系统发挥其服务,同时对损失的人类价值给予补偿,以促进生态系统服务更好的发挥其功能.通过辨识服务的提供者和受益者及其所对应的价值系统,可以帮助制定生态服务补偿策略.据此确定饮用水源保护区生态服务补偿主要是对生态公益林提供的涵养水源和水土保持服务的补偿.以武夷山市饮用水源保护区为研究案例,将饮用水源保护者所付出的机会成本作为补偿标准,计算结果为897.7万元,补偿年限为2005～2020年.将补偿标准折合成水费,武夷山市需要在水费中加收0.07元/(t·a)的生态服务补偿费,但最终的水费增收额需要通过考虑补偿者的支付意愿来决定.     

城乡景观中土壤生态系统微塑料的来源、迁移特征及其风险

土壤微塑料污染的持久性、复杂性及其对土壤生态系统的影响受到越来越广泛的关注,但对其来源、迁移过程等仍有许多问题尚未理清。从复合生态系统的角度,通过对城乡景观中土壤微塑料的来源、迁移过程及其风险等相关研究进展进行了系统梳理,分析了城乡不同景观中土壤微塑料的主要来源和特点,讨论了土壤微塑料在城乡景观中的迁移特征及其驱动力,探讨了土壤微塑料在城乡景观中的生态和健康风险。今后需进一步明确城乡景观中土壤微塑料污染的物质流过程与环境归趋特征,加强微塑料对土壤生态系统的作用过程及生态系统服务影响的研究,揭示土壤微塑料对人类健康的直接或间接影响,建立城乡复合生态系统土壤微塑料污染预测模型,以维护土壤生态安全与人居环境健康。     

Apolar distal pocket mutants of yeast cytochrome c peroxidase: Hydrogen peroxide reactivity and cyanide binding of the TriAla,TriVal, and TriLeu variants

Three yeast cytochrome c peroxidase (CcP) variants with apolar distal heme pockets have been constructed. The CcP variants have Arg48, Trp51, and His52 mutated to either all alanines, CcP(triAla), all valines, CcP(triVal), or all leucines, CcP(triLeu). The triple mutants have detectable enzymatic activity at pH 6 but the activity is less than 0.02% that of wild-type CcP. The activity loss is primarily due to the decreased rate of reaction between the triple mutants and H₂O₂ compared to wild-type CcP. Spectroscopic properties and cyanide binding characteristics of the triple mutants have been investigated over the pH stability region of CcP, pH 4 to 8. The absorption spectra indicate that the CcP triple mutants have hemes that are predominantly five-coordinate, high-spin at pH 5 and six-coordinate, low-spin at pH 8. Cyanide binding to the triple mutants is biphasic indicating that the triple mutants have two slowly-exchanging conformational states with different cyanide affinities. The binding affinity for cyanide is reduced at least two orders of magnitude in the triple mutants compared to wild-type CcP and the rate of cyanide binding is reduced by four to five orders of magnitude. Correlation of the reaction rates of CcP and 12 distal pocket mutants with H₂O₂ and HCN suggests that both reactions require ionization of the reactants within the distal heme pocket allowing the anion to bind the heme iron. Distal pocket features that promote substrate ionization (basic residues involved in base-catalyzed substrate ionization or polar residues that can stabilize substrate anions) increase the overall rate of reaction with H₂O₂ and HCN while features that inhibit substrate ionization slow the reactions.     

Role of other plant organs in gibberellic acid-induced delay of leaf senescence in alstroemeria cut flowers

Chlorophyll loss in leaves of cut flowers of alstroemeria (Alstroemeria pelegrina L. cv. Westland) was rapid in darkness and counteracted by irradiation and treatment of the flowers with gibberellic acid (GA₃). The mechanism of the effect of GA₃ under dark conditions was investigated. The content of various carbohydrates in the leaves under dark conditions rapidly decreased; this was not influenced by treatment with GA_3. indicating that the loss of carbohydrates in the leaves did not induce the loss of chlorophyll. Placing the cut flowers in various solutions of organic and inorganic nutrients exhibited no significant effect on the retention of chlorophyll in leaves of dark-senescing flowers. The total nitrogen content in leaves of dark-senescing cut flowers decreased with time. Leaves of GA₃-treated flowers retained more nitrogen. In contrast, the buds of GA₃-treated flowers retained less nitrogen during senescence in the dark than control buds. To investigate whether GA₃ affects export of assimilates from the leaf to various parts of control and GA₃-treated flowers, we labelled one leaf with radioactive carbon dioxide. ¹⁴C-assimilates accumulated preferentially in the flowers, in which the relative specific activity of the youngest floral buds was highest. No significant differences were observed in the distribution of ¹⁴C-labelled compounds between the buds of control and GA₃-treated flowers. To establish the importance of source-sink relations for the loss of leaf chlorophyll we removed the flower buds (i. e. the strongest sink) from the cut flowers. This removal only slightly delayed chlorophyll loss as compared to the large delay caused by GA₃-treatment. In addition, detached leaf tips exhibited chlorophyll loss in the dark, which was delayed by GA₃-treatment in a fashion comparable with that in flowers. Together these data demonstrate that interactions of the leaves with other plant organs are not essential for chlorophyll loss during senescence in the dark. Additionally, we have found no evidence that GA₃ delays the loss of chlorophyll by affecting the transport of nutrients within the cut flowers.     

Production of somatic embryos and shoots from sugarbeet callus: Effects of abscisic acid, other growth regulators, nitrogen source, sucrose concentration and genotype

Summary Two sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) genotypes, REL-1 and REL-2, were used to measure the level of somatic embryo and shoot production from hormone-autonomous callus plated under varied nutrient medium combinations of abscisic acid with the growth regulators 6-benzyladenine, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid, or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, with eight sole nitrogen sources, or with different sucrose concentrations. Clone REL-2 produced embryos up to 35-fold more frequently than clone REL-1. Inclusion of abscisic acid at some concentrations consistently improved embryo production in all experiments and was observed to stimulate shoot production. At some concentrations, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid as well as urea and glutamine stimulated greater embryo production over the control, but only for REL-1, for which there was greater room for improvement. Three and five percent sucrose were superior to 1, 7, and 9%. Higher initial 6-benzyladenine concentration [in the range 0, 0.1−1.0 mg/L (0.44−4.44 μM)] was associated with lower embryo production but greater shoot regeneration for both clones. REL-2 was significantly better than REL-1 in shoot regeneration. The range of embryo production was more than 35-fold between genotypes, whereas the range of physiological effects was no greater than 10-fold. REL-2 has been released to sugarbeet researchers because of its superior embryogenic and shoot regeneration abilities for application in biotechnology.     

Influence of learning on range expansion and adaptation to novel habitats

Learning has been postulated to ‘drive’ evolution, but its influence on adaptive evolution in heterogeneous environments has not been formally examined. We used a spatially explicit individual‐based model to study the effect of learning on the expansion and adaptation of a species to a novel habitat. Fitness was mediated by a behavioural trait (resource preference), which in turn was determined by both the genotype and learning. Our findings indicate that learning substantially increases the range of parameters under which the species expands and adapts to the novel habitat, particularly if the two habitats are separated by a sharp ecotone (rather than a gradient). However, for a broad range of parameters, learning reduces the degree of genetically‐based local adaptation following the expansion and facilitates maintenance of genetic variation within local populations. Thus, in heterogeneous environments learning may facilitate evolutionary range expansions and maintenance of the potential of local populations to respond to subsequent environmental changes.     

Effect of non‐lethal sampling on life‐history traits of the protected moth Graellsia isabelae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Abstract 1. Non‐lethal genetic surveys in insects usually extract DNA from a leg or a piece of wing. Although preferable to lethal sampling, little is known about the effect of leg/wing non‐lethal sampling on fitness‐related traits. 2. Graellsia isabelae (Graells, 1849) is a European moth protected by the Habitats Directive and the Bern Convention. Conservation genetics surveys on this species should therefore use non‐lethal sampling. 3. The present study aimed to (1) quantify the effects of both leg and hind‐wing tail sampling on survivorship and reproductive behaviour of adult males and females, and (2) assess the quality and quantity of DNA obtained from those tissues. 4. Both hind‐wing tails and mid‐legs proved to be good sources of high quality nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. DNA concentration was significantly higher when extracted from a large (130 mm²) piece of the hind‐wing tails than from about half of the mid‐leg. Using mark–release–recapture experiments with adults, it was found that neither mid‐leg nor hind‐wing tail sampling significantly reduced male survivorship or total number of matings. However, although mid‐leg sampling did not significantly affect female survivorship, it had a negative effect on female mating success. 5. Wing‐tail clipping on males appeared to be the best non‐lethal sampling procedure for G. isabelae. It is a fast procedure, similar to natural wing impairment, and did not significantly affect survival or mating behaviour.     

The statistical analysis of truncated data: application to the Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak

An outbreak of anthrax occurred in the city of Sverdlovsk in Russia in the spring of 1979. The outbreak was due to the inhalation of spores that were accidentally released from a military microbiology facility. In response to the outbreak a public health intervention was mounted that included distribution of antibiotics and vaccine. The objective of this paper is to develop and apply statistical methodology to analyse the Sverdlovsk outbreak, and in particular to estimate the incubation period of inhalational anthrax and the number of deaths that may have been prevented by the public health intervention. The data available for analysis from this common source epidemic are the incubation periods of reported deaths. The statistical problem is that incubation periods are truncated because some individuals may have had their deaths prevented by the public health interventions and thus are not included in the data. However, it is not known how many persons received the intervention or how efficacious was the intervention. A likelihood function is formulated that accounts for the effects of truncation. The likelihood is decomposed into a binomial likelihood with unknown sample size and a conditional likelihood for the incubation periods. The methods are extended to allow for a phase-in of the intervention over time. Assuming a lognormal model for the incubation period distribution, the median and mean incubation periods were estimated to be 11.0 and 14.2 days respectively. These estimates are longer than have been previously reported in the literature. The death toll from the Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak could have been about 14% larger had there not been a public health intervention; however, the confidence intervals are wide (95% CI 0-61%). The sensitivity of the results to model assumptions and the parametric model for the incubation period distribution are investigated. The results are useful for determining how long antibiotic therapy should be continued in suspected anthrax cases and also for estimating the ultimate number of deaths in a new outbreak in the absence of any public health interventions.