贵州中三叠世预言鱼目(近鲱形类)一新属种:奇异盘县鱼(Panxianichthys imparilis gen.etsp.nov.)（英文）

预言鱼目是中生代海生近鲱形类的一个绝灭的支系。由于与弓鳍鱼目密切的亲缘关系,预言鱼目在研究近鲱形类的早期演化和生物地理学中具有重要意义。然而,早期预言鱼目的化石证据非常匮乏;直到最近,产于云南中三叠世罗平生物群的强壮鱼是该目中最古老的也是三叠纪唯一的成员。本文根据产于贵州西部中三叠世盘县动物群的两块保存良好的标本命名了预言鱼目一个新的属种,奇异盘县鱼(Panxianichthys imparilis gen.et sp.nov.)。盘县鱼的生存时代略晚于强壮鱼,但它比产于欧洲晚侏罗世和美洲早白垩世的预言鱼目其他成员要早很多。盘县鱼具有预言鱼目的共近裔性状,上颌骨上具有感觉管,但它保留了一些其他预言鱼目鱼类所不具有的原始特征。分支分析的研究结果表明盘县鱼是最原始的预言鱼目鱼类,为揭示预言鱼目的演化提供了新的信息。强壮鱼和盘县鱼的相继发现表明,预言鱼目的早期分异比我们之前想象的要快得多。     

Paleoenvironmental and paleobiogeographical implications of the microfossil assemblage from the Late Cretaceous intertrappean beds of the Manawar area,District Dhar,Madhya Pradesh,Central India

Abstract

An assemblage of microfossils consisting of non-marine ostracods (Cypridopsis, Gomphocythere, Zonocypris, Eucypris, and Frambocythere), charophyte gyrogonites (Platychara), molluscs (Viviparus, Valvata, and Lymnaea), and fish remains (mainly Phareodus), is here reported from a new intertrappean locality near the town of Manawar, District Dhar, Madhya Pradesh, Central India. The biotic component recovered suggests a Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) age for the intertrappean deposit near Manawar. Paleoenvironmentally, the overall biotic assemblage recovered indicates the presence of a freshwater palustrine/lacustrine depositional system connected to a low energy stream/river. Paleobiogeographically, the known high diversity of ostracod genera, especially Eucypris, Cypridopsis, and Gomphocythere, hints at endemism within the Indian Subcontinent during the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian). However, the cosmopolitan distribution of the charophyte genus Platychara in the K-Pg interval across the globe (Africa, Europe, and America) and its absence in the Upper Cretaceous of China and Mongolia is quite intriguing.     

凯里生物群腕足动物与游泳动物 共存现象研究

腕足动物是贵州凯里生物群中重要的化石门类,不仅化石数量丰富,分异度高,还具有丰富的生态现象。在寒武系的化石记录上,腕足动物常与海绵、藻类、棘皮动物、水母状生物、软舌螺、威瓦西亚虫、其他腕足动物等保存在一起,凯里生物群中的腕足动物也有类似的共存现象。本文就凯里生物群中腕足动物与游泳动物的共存现象进行了初步研究,认为腕足动物与贵州拟轮盘水母Pararotadiscus guizhouensis存在共栖、共埋两种关系,讨论了这两种关系的不同之处;分析了腕足动物与大型双瓣壳节肢动物加拿大虫Canadaspis的共存现象,推测一只腕足动物与Canadaspis共同保存的化石记录表明这两种生物存在共栖关系。本文的研究丰富了凯里生物群物种之间的生态关系,为凯里生物群的生态多样性提供了更多的证据。     

Glow in the dark: Use of synchrotron μXRF trace elemental mapping and multispectral macro-imaging on fossils from the Paris Biota (Bear Lake County,Idaho, USA)

The end-Permian mass extinction is the largest global-scale event ever recorded; it also corresponds to the expansion of the Modern Evolutionary Fauna, which will lead to present-day ecosystems. The Early Triassic is thus a pivotal interval in the evolution of many marine groups. An exceptionally well-preserved early Spathian fossil assemblage, the Paris Biota, was recently discovered in southeastern Idaho, USA; it represents the earliest complex marine ecosystem known to date for the post-crisis aftermath. Here we use synchrotron μXRF imaging to retrieve further anatomical, paleobiological and taphonomical data on some of the most intriguing fossils from the Paris Biota, such as contours of the central disc and the full length of arms in an ophiuroid specimen. We also show that multispectral macro-imaging is powerful to reveal or enhance the visualization of some specimens, particularly shrimps, that are barely perceptible under visible and UV lights. The complementary use of both techniques suggests that the actual richness and abundance of organisms in this exceptionally well-preserved Early Triassic ecosystem is likely to remain underestimated, and this situation may be even worse in other less well-preserved spatiotemporal contexts.     

Biostratinomic analysis of Lycoptera beds from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation,western Liaoning,China

Little is known about the palaeoenvironments of the Early Cretaceous lakes of western Liaoning. Uncertainties exist especially about the water depth, water temperatures and annual temperature fluctuations. Here, we analyse the preservation of the most abundant fish of the lakes, the teleost Lycoptera, articulated skeletons of which occur in large concentrations suggestive of mass mortality. Taphonomic features such as degree of disarticulation, orientation patterns and displacement of skeletal elements reveal distinct preservational patterns. They suggest that the water temperature was low during winter and exhibited pronounced seasonal fluctuations. The depth of the lakes was not deep. Possible causes of the fish mortality are discussed, of which anoxia is favoured. This leads to a more refined palaeoenvironmental model for these palaeolakes, which harbour one of the most important Mesozoic Lagerstätten.     

贵州埃迪卡拉纪瓮安生物群化石含量的统计分析

贵州瓮安埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱组（635-551Ma）上磷矿段保存了大量精美的磷酸盐化微体球粒化石,它们主要由多细胞藻类、疑源类和处于不同发育阶段的多种动物胚胎化石组成,此外还包括少量后生动物的幼、成体化石。本文以贵州瓮福磷矿陡山沱组上磷矿段灰白色球粒状白云质磷块岩为研究对象,在总结瓮安生物群中不同生物化石的鉴别特征基础上,定量统计采自该层位的两组岩石样品（WA—I和WA-r1）的酸处理砂样中的所有化石。统计结果表明,瓮安陡山沱组该磷块岩中化石质量和岩石中磷酸盐组分质量成正线性相关,两个样品中化石占全部磷酸盐组分的质量百分比均在10％左右,其中多细胞藻类和疑源类化石占全部化石含量均少于10％。这一结果客观地反映了瓮安生物群的化石丰度,证实了保存在瓮安陡山沱组上磷矿段灰色富氧含磷埋藏相中的瓮安生物群主要由动物胚胎化石组成的特征。     

新元古代陡山沱期瓮安生物群研究概况

近年来 ,在中国贵州省中部瓮安磷矿的震旦系陡山沱组磷块岩中发现了一个重要的新元古代化石生物群——瓮安生物群。自 1 986年至今 ,我国古生物学者相继在国内外重要刊物上发表了有关该化石生物群的论文 2 0余篇。该化石生物群主要包括底栖的多细胞藻类、蓝藻和细菌化石 ;浮游的大型带刺疑源类化石及一些可疑的动物化石。描述的属种已超过 50个 ,虽然其中部分动物化石的亲缘关系值得再深入的研究 ,但这个在磷块岩中立体保存且属种丰富的化石生物群将为新元古代生物多样性和早期生命多细胞化的研究提供极有价值的化石资料。     

燕辽生物群脊椎动物的多样性及与其他生物群的对比分析*

燕辽生物群已发现脊椎动物54属58种, 包括鱼类、两栖类、爬行类、哺乳类等, 但其脊椎动物多样性及其成因机制还未有详细研究。本文对该生物群脊椎动物进行统计分析, 并与同时代的其他生物群脊椎动物类型进行对比, 这为认识燕辽生物群脊椎动物的多样性及其成因提供了重要的证据。早期代表道虎沟生物群与晚期代表玲珑塔生物群虽存在时代上的传承关系, 但生物组合特征明显不同。对比燕辽生物群与相近时代的新疆五彩湾动物群和四川大山铺恐龙动物群, 脊椎动物组合特征差异显著。燕辽生物群恐龙类群主要以小型兽脚类恐龙为主, 还包括一些小型鸟臀类恐龙。另外还具有非常丰富的翼龙和哺乳动物。脊椎动物生态多样性高, 适应飞行、树栖、水生、穴居等多种生活方式, 但是脊椎动物的类型与同时代的相近地区明显不同。翼龙、恐龙和哺乳动物等类群都展现出独特的生物组合特征。有证据表明该时期东亚地区与其他地区可能存在一定程度的地理隔离, 结合陆生脊椎动物组合特征推测燕辽生物群脊椎动物与外界可能存在一定的交流障碍。     

New thylacocephalans from the Early Triassic Paris Biota (Bear Lake County,Idaho, USA)

Two new genera and species of thylacocephalans (Arthropoda, Thylacocephala), Parisicaris triassica Charbonnier and Ligulacaris parisiana Charbonnier, are described from the early Spathian Paris Biota. These new occurrences are the first reports of thylacocephalans from Triassic rocks in North America. They considerably enlarge the spatiotemporal distribution of these enigmatic arthropods and highlight their relatively high generic richness during the Early Triassic. It also confirms that the Triassic was the taxonomically richest period for Thylacocephala.     

松辽盆地白垩纪三大生物群评述

松辽盆地白垩纪生物群发育,分布广,在盆地演化的不同时期,先后出现过热河生物群,松花江生物群和明水生物群。文中较系统地总结了每个生物群的主要特征,揭示了盆地内整个生物群发育的总体面貌,纵向演化的基本特征及其在生物地层、生态环境、古气候研究中的意义。