全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2481篇 |
免费 | 104篇 |
国内免费 | 130篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 5篇 |
2023年 | 24篇 |
2022年 | 28篇 |
2021年 | 44篇 |
2020年 | 59篇 |
2019年 | 54篇 |
2018年 | 57篇 |
2017年 | 59篇 |
2016年 | 50篇 |
2015年 | 86篇 |
2014年 | 75篇 |
2013年 | 119篇 |
2012年 | 69篇 |
2011年 | 135篇 |
2010年 | 96篇 |
2009年 | 122篇 |
2008年 | 115篇 |
2007年 | 138篇 |
2006年 | 111篇 |
2005年 | 128篇 |
2004年 | 142篇 |
2003年 | 92篇 |
2002年 | 100篇 |
2001年 | 82篇 |
2000年 | 52篇 |
1999年 | 46篇 |
1998年 | 46篇 |
1997年 | 49篇 |
1996年 | 30篇 |
1995年 | 30篇 |
1994年 | 31篇 |
1993年 | 36篇 |
1992年 | 31篇 |
1991年 | 34篇 |
1990年 | 45篇 |
1989年 | 30篇 |
1988年 | 33篇 |
1987年 | 25篇 |
1986年 | 22篇 |
1985年 | 28篇 |
1984年 | 31篇 |
1983年 | 21篇 |
1982年 | 25篇 |
1981年 | 28篇 |
1980年 | 10篇 |
1979年 | 17篇 |
1978年 | 7篇 |
1977年 | 6篇 |
1976年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 5篇 |
排序方式: 共有2715条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
61.
62.
对一个玉米双重标记新突变基因(os)的染色体定位和初步遗传研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用一套16个玉米B-A染色体易位的系列材料,和一套11个由wx基因标记易位断点的第9染色体相互易位材料,测定了一个新发现的玉米隐性突变基因os(opaque-small germ)所属的染色体。两个结果相互印证,证明该基因位于第2染色体短壁。os基因具有产生不透明胚乳和小胚面的双重遗传效应,是一个良好的遗传标记。这一特性有可能来检查异雄核受精或定向受精的存在和比数。os基因除缩小种胚体积之外,也 相似文献
63.
J. Syller 《Journal of Phytopathology》2003,151(9):492-499
Plants of two potato clones which, in preliminary greenhouse assessments, showed resistance to multiplication and accumulation of potato leafroll virus (PLRV) were graft or aphid inoculated with the virus and grown in the greenhouse; plants of a moderately susceptible cultivar were used for comparison in all experiments. A high concentration of aphid‐borne inoculum was used to ensure strong infection pressure. Clone M62759 appeared to be highly resistant to PLRV infection, whereas clone PS1706 was more susceptible. Both clones expressed a high level of resistance to virus multiplication, when primary or secondary infection was assayed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Moreover, PLRV was detected in only few or none of the progeny plants of clone M62759, which thus strongly inhibited virus transport to tubers. The study on PLRV translocation from aphid‐inoculated shoots to uninoculated shoots sprouted from the same tubers showed that no specific mechanisms are likely to impair PLRV movement through the tubers of the resistant genotypes. These results indicate that three valuable components of the resistance to PLRV are probably closely linked in the genotype, a combination that seems to occur rather rarely in potato clones. Nevertheless, selecting potato genotypes for the complex resistance to PLRV may prove to be a worthwhile part of breeding programmes, provided that the genetic mechanisms governing particular types of resistance are better recognized. 相似文献
64.
Protein structural plasticity exemplified by insertion and deletion mutants in T4 lysozyme. 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
I. R. Vetter W. A. Baase D. W. Heinz J. P. Xiong S. Snow B. W. Matthews 《Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society》1996,5(12):2399-2415
To further investigate the ways in which proteins respond to changes in the length of the polypeptide chain, a series of 32 insertions and five deletions were made within nine different alpha-helices of T4 lysozyme. In most cases, the inserted amino acid was a single alanine, although in some instances up to four residues, not necessarily alanine, were used. Different insertions destabilized the protein by different amounts, ranging from approximately 1 to 6 kcal/mol. In one case, no protein could be obtained. An "extension" mutant in which the carboxy terminus of the molecule was extended by four alanines increased stability by 0.3 kcal/mol. For the deletions, the loss in stability ranged from approximately 3 to 5 kcal/mol. The structures of six insertion mutants, as well as one deletion mutant and the extension mutant, were determined, three in crystal forms nonisomorphous with wild type. In all cases, including previously described insertion mutants within a single alpha-helix, there appears to be a strong tendency to preserve the helix by translocating residues so that the effects of the insertion are propagated into a bend or loop at one end or the other of the helix. In three mutants, even the hydrophobic core was disrupted so as to permit the preservation of the alpha-helix containing the insertion. Translocation (or "register shift") was also observed for the deletion mutant, in this case a loop at the end of the helix being shortened. In general, when translocation occurs, the reduction in stability is only moderate, averaging 2.5 kcal/mol. Only in the most extreme cases does "bulging" or "looping-out" occur within the body of an alpha-helix, in which case the destabilization is substantial, averaging 4.9 kcal/mol. Looping-out can occur for insertions close to the end of a helix, in which case the destabilization is less severe, averaging 2.6 kcal/mol. Mutant A73-[AAA] as well as mutants R119-[A] and V131-[A], include shifts in the backbone of 3-6 A, extending over 20 residues or more. As a result, residues 114-142, which form a "cap" on the carboxy-terminal domain, undergo substantial reorganizations such that the interface between this "cap" and the rest of the protein is altered substantially. In the case of mutant A73-[AAA], two nearby alpha-helices, which form a bend of approximately 105 degrees in the wild-type structure, reorganize in the mutant structure to form a single, essentially straight helix. These structural responses to mutation demonstrate the plasticity of protein structures and illustrate ways in which their three-dimensional structures might changes during evolution. 相似文献
65.
CO dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase (CODH/ACS) is one of the four known nickel enzymes. It is a bifunctional protein that
catalyzes the oxidation of CO to CO2 at a nickel iron-sulfur cluster (Cluster C) and a remarkable condensation reaction between a methyl group (donated from a
methylated corrinoid iron-sulfur protein), carbon monoxide, and coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA at a separate nickel iron-sulfur
cluster (Cluster A). This review focuses on the current understanding of the structure and function of Cluster A and on related
model chemistry. It describes studies that uncovered the first example of a biological organometallic reaction sequence. The
mechanism of acetyl-CoA synthesis includes enzymebound methylnickel, iron-carbonyl, and acylmetal intermediates. Discovery
of the methylnickel species constituted the first example of an alkylnickel species in biology and unveiled a new biological
role for nickel.
Received: 10 April 1996 / Accepted: 4 July 1996 相似文献
66.
Giuseppe Inesi Li Chen Carlota Sumbilla David Lewis Mary E. Kirtley 《Bioscience reports》1995,15(5):327-339
Three experimental systems are described including sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles, reconstituted proteoliposomes, and recombinant protein obtained by gene transfer and expression in foreign cells. It is shown that the Ca2+ ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) includes an extramembranous globular head which is connected through a stalk to a membrane bound region. Cooperative binding of two calcium ions occurs sequentially, within a channel formed by four clustered helices within the membrane bound region. Destabilization of the helical cluster is produced following enzyme phosphorylation by ATP at the catalytic site in the extramembranous region. The affinity and orientation of the Ca2+ binding site are thereby changed, permitting vectorial dissociation of bound Ca2+ against a concentration gradient. A long range linkage between phosphorylation and Ca2+ binding sites is provided by an intervening peptide segment that retains high homology in cation transport ATPases, and whose function is highly sensitive to mutational perturbations. 相似文献
67.
Influence of nitrate supply on concentrations and translocation of abscisic acid in barley (Hordeum vulgare) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Golf) was grown at different nitrate supply rates, controlled by using the relative addition rate technique, in order to elucidate the relationship between nitrate-N supply and root and shoot levels of abscisic acid (ABA). The plants were maintained as (1) standard cultures where nitrate was supplied at relative addition rates (RAs) of 0.03, 0.09 and 0.18 day−1 , and (2) split-root cultures at RA 0.09 day−1 but with the nitrate distributed between the two root parts in ratios of 100:0, 80:20 and 60:40. Time-dependent changes in root and shoot concentrations of ABA (determined by radioimmunoassay using a monoclonal antibody) were observed in both standard and split-root cultures during 12 days of acclimation to the different nitrate regimes. However, the ABA responses were similar at all nitrate supply rates. Further experiments were performed with split-root cultures where the distribution of nitrate between the two root parts was reversed from 80:20 to 20:80 so that short-term effects to local perturbations of nitrate supply could be studied without altering whole-plant N absorption. Transient increases in ABA concentrations (maximum of 25 to 40% after 3 to 4 h) were observed in both subroot parts, as well as in xylem sap and shoot tissue. By pruning the root system it was demonstrated that the change in ABA had its origin in the subroot part receiving the increased nitrate supply (i.e. switched from 20 to 80% of the total nitrate supply). The data indicate that ABA responses are easily transmitted between different organs, including transmission from one set of seminal roots to another via the shoot. The data do not provide any indication that long-term nitrate supplies or general nitrogen status of barley plants affect, or are otherwise related to, the average tissue ABA concentrations of roots and shoots. 相似文献
68.
69.
Israel Zilbermann Maya Winnik Dalia Sagiv Amira Rotman Haim Cohen Dan Meyerstein 《Inorganica chimica acta》1995,240(1-2):503-514
The effects of N-alkylation on the redox potential of the couples NiLi2+/NiLi+, L = tetraaza-14-membered-macrocyclic ligands, and on the properties of the monovalent nickel complexes in aqueous solutions are reported for 14 complexes. The spectra and lifetimes of the NiLi+ complexes are reported. The self-exchange rates for the couples NiLi2+/NiLi+ were determined. Two of the ligands were synthesized for the first time for this study. Cyclic voltammetry and pulse radiolysis were used. The results point out that: (i) N-alkylation always shifts the redox potential to a less cathodic one; this effect stems to a large degree from the decrease in the solvation energy of the complex caused by the N-alkylation of the ligand. (ii). The lifetime of the monovalent complexes is not linearly related to the redox potential of the NiLi2+/NiLi+ couples. (iii) The NiLi+ complexes exist in several isomeric forms; the rate of the isomerization depends on the structure of the ligand. (iv) Different isomers of NiLi+ may be formed when the complex NiLi2+ is reduced by different reagents; therefore, the pulse-radiolytically formed NiLi+ complexes might have different properties than those formed electrochemically. 相似文献
70.
Masahiko Maekawa Megumu Munakata Takayoshi Kuroda-Sowa Koji Hachiya 《Inorganica chimica acta》1995,230(1-2):249-252
A novel hexanickel(II) complex [Ni6(NCCHCH2CH2CHCN)6] (2) with 1,4-dicyanobutane-1,4-diyl (L) which was produced by the metal-induced dimerization of acrylonitrile (AN) has been isolated and the structure has been determined crystallographically. Complex 2 is triclinic, space group . Each nickel atom is coordinated by two carbon atoms of L and two nitrogen atoms of the cyano group of two other L, providing a square-plenar geometry. The six nickel atoms are bridged by the cyano group and carbon atom to form the slightly distorted octahedral Ni6 core. 相似文献