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71.
Daniel C. Hannah Gopalakrishnan Sai Gautam Pieremanuele Canepa Gerbrand Ceder 《Liver Transplantation》2018,8(20)
A thermodynamic analysis of the driving forces is presented for intercalation and conversion reactions in battery cathodes across a range of possible working ion, transition metal, and anion chemistries. Using this body of results, the importance of polymorph selection as well as chemical composition on the ability of a host cathode to support intercalation reactions is analyzed. It is found that the accessibility of high energy charged polymorphs in oxides generally leads to larger intercalation voltages favoring intercalation reactions, whereas sulfides and selenides tend to favor conversion reactions. Furthermore, it is observed that Cr‐containing cathodes favor intercalation more strongly than those with other transition metals. Finally, it is concluded that two‐electron reduction of transition metals (as is possible with the intercalation of a 2 + ion) will favor conversion reactions in the compositions studied. 相似文献
72.
High‐Capacity Concentration Gradient Li[Ni0.865Co0.120Al0.015]O2 Cathode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
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Kang‐Joon Park Min‐Jae Choi Filippo Maglia Sung‐Jin Kim Kwang‐Ho Kim Chong S. Yoon Yang‐Kook Sun 《Liver Transplantation》2018,8(19)
A Ni‐rich concentration‐gradient Li[Ni0.865Co0.120Al0.015]O2 (NCA) cathode is prepared with a Ni‐rich core to maximize the discharge capacity and a Co‐rich particle surface to provide structural and chemical stability. Compared to the conventional NCA cathode with a uniform composition, the gradient NCA cathode exhibits improved capacity retention and better thermal stability. Even more remarkably, the gradient NCA cathode maintains 90% of its initial capacity after 100 cycles when cycled at 60 °C, whereas the conventional cathode exhibits poor capacity retention and suffers severe structural deterioration. The superior cycling stability of the gradient NCA cathode largely stemmed from the gradient structure combines with the Co‐rich surface, which provides chemical stability against electrolyte attack and reduces the inherent internal strain observed in all Ni‐rich layered cathodes in their charged state, thus providing structural stability against the repeated anisotropic volume changes during cycling. The high discharge capacity of the proposed gradient NCA cathode extends the driving range of electric vehicles and reduces battery costs. Furthermore, its excellent capacity retention guarantees a long battery life. Therefore, gradient NCA cathodes represent one of the best classes of cathode materials for electric vehicle applications that should satisfy the demands of future electric vehicles. 相似文献
73.
Review on Challenges and Recent Advances in the Electrochemical Performance of High Capacity Li‐ and Mn‐Rich Cathode Materials for Li‐Ion Batteries
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Prasant Kumar Nayak Evan M. Erickson Florian Schipper Tirupathi Rao Penki Nookala Munichandraiah Philipp Adelhelm Hadar Sclar Francis Amalraj Boris Markovsky Doron Aurbach 《Liver Transplantation》2018,8(8)
Li and Mn‐rich layered oxides, xLi2MnO3·(1–x)LiMO2 (M=Ni, Mn, Co), are promising cathode materials for Li‐ion batteries because of their high specific capacity that can exceed 250 mA h g?1. However, these materials suffer from high 1st cycle irreversible capacity, gradual capacity fading, low rate capability, a substantial charge‐discharge voltage hysteresis, and a large average discharge voltage decay during cycling. The latter detrimental phenomenon is ascribed to irreversible structural transformations upon cycling of these cathodes related to potentials ≥4.5 V required for their charging. Transition metal inactivation along with impedance increase and partial layered‐to‐spinel transformation during cycling are possible reasons for the detrimental voltage fade. Doping of Li, Mn‐rich materials by Na, Mg, Al, Fe, Co, Ru, etc. is useful for stabilizing capacity and mitigating the discharge‐voltage decay of xLi2MnO3·(1–x)LiMO2 electrodes. Surface modifications by thin coatings of Al2O3, V2O5, AlF3, AlPO4, etc. or by gas treatment (for instance, by NH3) can also enhance voltage and capacity stability during cycling. This paper describes the recent literature results and ongoing efforts from our groups to improve the performance of Li, Mn‐rich materials. Focus is also on preparation of cobalt‐free cathodes, which are integrated layered‐spinel materials with high reversible capacity and stable performance. 相似文献
74.
Layered oxide cathodes with a high-nickel (Ni ≥ 0.9) content exhibit great potential for enabling high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries. However, their practical feasibility and cycle life are hampered by severe surface reactivity with the electrolyte. A LiNi0.90Co0.05Al0.05O2 cathode is presented enriched with Al on the surface (S-NCA) and benchmark it against a LiNi0.90Co0.05Al0.05O2 cathode obtained by a conventional co-precipitation method that has a uniform Al distribution throughout the bulk (B-NCA). The S-NCA cathode greatly outperform with an impressive capacity retention of 84% after 1000 cycles in pouch full cells with graphite anode compared to 62% retention for B-NCA. Advanced surface characterization methodologies, including time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry, reveal that the Al-enriched surface morphology facilitates the formation of a robust, thin electrode-electrolyte interphase (EEI), effectively suppressing the oxidative decomposition of the electrolyte, gas generation, and metallic dead lithium formation on graphite anode. The results illustrate that surface reactivity with the electrolyte is the primary factor limiting the cycle of cells with high-Ni cathodes. The work provides valuable insights toward the practical viability of ultrahigh-Ni cathodes in lithium-ion batteries. 相似文献
75.
High‐Temperature Treatment of Li‐Rich Cathode Materials with Ammonia: Improved Capacity and Mean Voltage Stability during Cycling
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Evan M. Erickson Hadar Sclar Florian Schipper Jing Liu Ruiyuan Tian Chandan Ghanty Larisa Burstein Nicole Leifer Judith Grinblat Michael Talianker Ji‐Yong Shin Jordan K. Lampert Boris Markovsky Anatoly I. Frenkel Doron Aurbach 《Liver Transplantation》2017,7(18)
Li‐rich electrode materials of the family x Li2MnO3·(1?x )LiNia Cob Mnc O2 (a + b + c = 1) suffer a voltage fade upon cycling that limits their utilization in commercial batteries despite their extremely high discharge capacity, ≈250 mA h g?1. Li‐rich, 0.35Li2MnO3·0.65LiNi0.35Mn0.45Co0.20O2, is exposed to NH3 at 400 °C, producing materials with improved characteristics: enhanced electrode capacity and a limited average voltage fade during 100 cycles in half cells versus Li. Three main changes caused by NH3 treatment are established. First, a general bulk reduction of Co and Mn is observed via X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X‐ray absorption near edge structure. Next, a structural rearrangement lowers the coordination number of Co? O and Mn? O bonds, as well as formation of a surface spinel‐like structure. Additionally, Li+ removal from the bulk causes the formation of surface LiOH, Li2CO3, and Li2O. These structural and surface changes can enhance the voltage and capacity stability of the Li‐rich material electrodes after moderate NH3 treatment times of 1–2 h. 相似文献
76.
Anion Doping: A New Strategy for Developing High‐Performance Perovskite‐Type Cathode Materials of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
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Overcoming the sluggish activity of cathode materials is critical to realizing the wide‐spread application of intermediate‐temperature solid oxide fuel cells. Herein, a new way is reported to tune the performance of perovskite‐type materials as oxygen reduction electrodes by embedding anions (F?) in oxygen sites. The obtained perovskite oxyfluorides SrFeO3?σ ?δ Fσ and SrFe0.9Ti0.1O3?σ ?δ Fσ (σ = 0.05 and 0.10) show improved electrocatalytic activity compared to their parent oxides, achieving area specific resistance values of 0.875, 0.393, and 0.491 Ω cm2 for SrFeO3?δ , SrFeO2.95?δ F0.05, and SrFeO2.90?δ F0.10, respectively, at 600 °C in air. Such improved performance is a result of the improved bulk diffusion and surface exchange properties due to anion doping. Moreover, favorable stability in performance is also demonstrated for the F? anion‐doped perovskites as oxygen reduction electrodes at 650 °C for a test period of ≈200 h. A combination of anion doping and cation doping may provide a highly attractive strategy for the future development of cathode materials. 相似文献
77.
Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Porous Carbon Matrix Coated on Carbon Fibers: An Ultrastable Cathode for Li‐Ion Batteries
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Rujia Zou Qian Liu Guanjie He Muk Fung Yuen Kaibing Xu Junqing Hu Ivan P. Parkin Chun‐Sing Lee Wenjun Zhang 《Liver Transplantation》2017,7(2)
Nanostructured V2O5 is emerging as a new cathode material for lithium ion batteries for its distinctly high theoretic capacity over the current commercial cathodes. The main challenges associated with nanostructured V2O5 cathodes are structural degradation, instability of the solid‐electrolyte interface layer, and poor electron conductance, which lead to low capacity and rapid decay of cyclic stability. Here, a novel composite structure of V2O5 nanoparticles encapsulated in 3D networked porous carbon matrix coated on carbon fibers (V2O5/3DC‐CFs) is reported that effectively addresses the mentioned problems. Remarkably, the V2O5/3DC‐CF electrode exhibits excellent overall lithium‐storage performance, including high Coulombic efficiency, excellent specific capacity, outstanding cycling stability and rate property. A reversible capacity of ≈183 mA h g?1 is obtained at a high current density of 10 C, and the battery retains 185 mA h g?1 after 5000 cycles, which shows the best cycling stability reported to date among all reported cathodes of lithium ion batteries as per the knowledge. The outstanding overall properties of the V2O5/3DC‐CF composite make it a promising cathode material of lithium ion batteries for the power‐intensive energy storage applications. 相似文献
78.
High‐Performance Aqueous Rechargeable Li‐Ni Battery Based on Ni(OH)2/NiOOH Redox Couple with High Voltage
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Ming Zhang Zheng Huang Zhongrong Shen Yingpeng Gong Bo Chi Jian Pu Jian Li 《Liver Transplantation》2017,7(17)
New energy storage and conversion systems require large‐scale, cost‐effective, good safety, high reliability, and high energy density. This study demonstrates a low‐cost and safe aqueous rechargeable lithium‐nickel (Li‐Ni) battery with solid state Ni(OH)2/NiOOH redox couple as cathode and hybrid electrolytes separated by a Li‐ion‐conductive solid electrolyte layer. The proposed aqueous rechargeable Li‐Ni battery exhibits an approximately open‐circuit potential of 3.5 V, outperforming the theoretic stable window of water 1.23 V, and its energy density can be 912.6 W h kg‐1, which is much higher than that of state‐of‐the‐art lithium ion batteries. The use of a solid‐state redox couple as cathode with a metallic lithium anode provides another postlithium chemistry for practical energy storage and conversion. 相似文献
79.
Peter G. C. Campbell Lisa D. Kraemer Anik Giguère Landis Hare Alice Hontela 《人类与生态风险评估》2008,14(2):290-316
The objective of this study was to investigate metal detoxification in chronically exposed juvenile yellow perch (YP: Perca flavescens) and to field test the commonly assumed threshold toxicity model. Fish were collected from lakes located along a cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) concentration gradient. Ambient dissolved metal concentrations were measured to evaluate exposure and total hepatic metal concentrations were determined as a measure of metal bioaccumulation. Hepatic metal partitioning among potentially metal-sensitive fractions (heat-denatured proteins, organelles) and detoxified metal fractions (metallothionein) was determined after differential centrifugation of YP liver homogenates. Major proportions of hepatic Cd were found in the heat-stable cytosolic peptides and proteins fraction (HSP; including metallothioneins), whereas Ni was mainly found in the potentially metal-sensitive heat-denaturable proteins fraction (HDP). For these chronically exposed fish there was no threshold exposure concentration below which binding of Cd or Ni to the heat-denaturable protein fraction or the organelle fraction did not occur. Metal detoxification was clearly incomplete and P. flavescens was subject to some metal-related stress, as evidenced notably by endocrine perturbations. Similar subcellular partitioning results were obtained when juvenile yellow perch were transferred from a reference lake to a Cd-contaminated lake and Cd accumulation was followed over time; there was no accumulation threshold below which Cd binding to the putative metal-sensitive fractions (HDP and organelles) did not occur. The presence of Cd and Ni in these fractions, even for low exposure concentrations and low hepatic accumulation, contradicts the threshold toxicity model that underpins metal toxicology theory and that is implicitly used in setting water quality guidelines for metals. Chronically exposed YP appear to have settled for a tradeoff between the cost of turning on their detoxification apparatus at full capacity, to completely suppress metal binding to metal-sensitive sites, and the alternative cost of allowing some binding of inappropriate metals to metal-sensitive sites. 相似文献
80.
Bidentate ligands 2,2′-biquinoline (biq) and 6,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine (dmbpy) with steric hindrance substituents cis to the nitrogen atoms have been used in the synthesis of transition metal complexes. Six new doubly end-on azido-bridged binuclear complexes [M2(biq)2(μ1,1-N3)2(N3)2] (M = Ni (1), M = Co (2)), [M2(biq)2(μ1,1-N3)2Cl2] (M = Ni (3), M = Co (4)), [M2(dmbpy)2(μ1,1-N3)2(N3)2] (M = Ni (5), M = Co (6)) and one end-to-end thiocyanato-bridged polymeric [Ni(dmbpy)(μ1,3-SCN)(NCS)]n (7) have been synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and magnetic studies. Complexes 1-6 comprise five-coordinate M(II) ions bridged by two end-on azide ligands. The bridging M-N-M bond angles are in the small range 104.1-105.2°. Complex 7 consists of a singly thiocyanate-bridged Ni(II) chain in which Ni(II) ions are five-coordinate. This research suggests that the bulky ligands play a key role in the formation of five-coordinate coordination structure. All complexes display intramolecular intermetallic ferromagnetic coupling with JNiNi and JCoCo of ca. 23 or 13 cm−1 based on the Hamiltonian (S1 = S2 = 1 for Ni2, or 3/2 for Co2). The singly SCN−-bridged chainlike complex 7 shows intrachain ferromagnetic interaction with J = 3.96(2) cm−1 and D = −4.55(8) cm−1 (. Magneto-structural correlationship has been investigated. 相似文献