A new facultatively nitrite oxidizing bacterium,Nitrobacter vulgaris sp. nov.

A total of 17 facultatively lithoautotrophic strains of Nitrobacter were investigated. They all were found to be related on the species level by DNA hybridizations. The G+C content of DNA ranged between 58.9 and 59.9 mol %. The isolates originated from divers environments. The cells were 0.5–0.8×1.2–2.0 m in size and motile by one polar to subpolar flagellum. Cell-division normally occurred by budding. Polar caps of intracytoplasmic membranes as well as carboxysomes were present. The cells tended to excrete extracellular polymers forming aggregates or biofilms. Heterotrophic growth was slower than mixotrophic but often faster than litoautotrophic growth. In the presence of nitrite and organic substances the organisms often showed diphasic growth. First nitrite and then the organic material was oxidized. In the absence of oxygen growth was possible by dissimilatory nitrate reduction. Nitrite, nitric and nitrous oxide as well as ammonia were formed. Depending on growth conditions the generation times varied from 12 to 140 h. The new Nitrobacter spec. may be one of the most abundant nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in soils, fresh waters and natural as well as artificial stones. For this organism the name Nitrobacter vulgaris is proposed.The type strain is filed with the culture collection of the Institut für Allgemeine Botanik, Universität Hamburg, FRG.     

龟鳖类寄生血簇虫六新种

血簇虫(Haemogregarina Danilewsky,1885)属真球虫目(Eucoccidia)血簇虫科(Haemogregarinidae),这一属的寄生虫,其寄主以爬行动物为主,两栖动物和鱼类也有寄生。至今已记载有300余种。龟鳖类的血簇虫研究,国内尚无报道。作者在1984年3月—1985年3月,对我国龟鳖类寄生的血簇虫进行了调查研究,共解剖检查了中华     

Influence of pH,exchangeable aluminium and 0.02M CaCl2-extractable aluminium on the growth and nitrogen-fixing activity of white clover (Trifolium repens) in some New Zealand soils

The effects of soil acidity on the growth and N₂-fixing activity of white clover in seven acid topsoils and subsoils of New Zealand were investigated using a glasshouse experiment.The application of phosphate (Ca(H₂PO₄)₂) to the soils resulted in very large increases in white clover growth on all soils. The application of phosphate, as well as increasing P supply, also decreased 0.02M CaCl₂-extractable Al levels, but had little effect on exchangeable Al levels.Where adequate phosphate was applied, increasing rates of lime (CaCO₃) resulted in increased plant growth on most soils. N₂[C₂H₂]-fixing activity was increased by the first level of lime for one soil, but generally remained approximately constant or declined slightly at higher rates of lime. Up to the point of maximum yield, white clover top weight was more highly correlated with 0.02M CaCl₂-extractable soil Al than with exchangeable Al or pH. At pH values greater than 5.5, plant yield declined on some soils, apparently because of Zn deficiency. The data suggest that white clover is unlikely to be affected by Al toxicity at 0.02M CaCl₂-extractable Al levels of less than about 3.3 g g^–1. However, there were differences between soils in apparent plant tolerance to 0.02M CaCl₂-extractable Al, which appeared to be caused by differing C levels in the 0.02M CaCl₂ extracts.     

中国禾本科箣竹属研究资料

<正> 本文记载箣竹属新种1,改级新组合2,改隶新组合1,新改级3,新名1,新异名4。 1.花竹(福建) 绿篱竹(广东) Bambusa albo-lineata Chia,stat.et nom.nov.     

柱萤叶甲属三新种及一新纪录种

本文报道了鞘翅目(Coleoptera)叶甲科(Chrysomelidae)萤叶甲亚科(Galerucinae)柱萤叶甲属Gallerucida的三新种:基红柱萤叶甲G.basalis sp.nov.褐缘柱萤叶甲G.limbatella sp.nov.、小柱萤叶甲G.parva sp.nov.及一新纪录种:黑缘柱萤叶甲G.limbata(Baly,1878)。     

Ecology and community dynamics of Kubo people in the tropical lowlands of Papua New Guinea

Kubo producer-units (families and independent bachelors) could have been self-sufficient in the production of bananas but chose not to be. Nor did they seek self-sufficiency in the production of any combination of staple carbohydrate foods (bananas, tubers, sago flour) or, in the long term, strive for balance in the exchange of food with other producer-units. Despite the fact that bananas, which provided 50% of people's energy needs, were a delayed-return crop Kubo communities were very unstable. This instability and the failure to choose the option of self-sufficiency were connected and were mediated through intense intracommunity sharing that, ultimately, served to negotiate a concern with sorcery. The people grew bananas in the way they did, not out of environmental necessity, but to accommodate the crop to the needs of sharing and, thereby, facilitate community living.     

Generalizing from experiments: is predation strong or weak in the New England rocky intertidal?

Summary Petraitis (1990) recently critized previous generalizations regarding the effects of predation in the New England rocky intertidal region (e.g., Menge 1976; Lubchenco and Menge 1978). Contrary to Lubchenco's and my conclusions, Petraitis concluded that (1) barnacles and not mussels are the favored prey of dogwhelks and (2) barnacles and not dogwhelks control mussel abundances in the mid and low rocky intertidal region. I provide evidence that these criticisms are unwarranted. First, Lubchenco and I never claimed that diet composition reflected prey preference. Moreover, predators can influence prey abundance without preferring the prey. Hence, claims regarding preferences have no bearing on our conclusions. Second, Petraitis' experiments do not invalidate Lubchenco's and my experimental results. Reanalyses of our experimental data support the earlier conclusion that at wave-sheltered sites, whelks reduce the abundance of mussels independently of barnacle abundances. Further, at all but one of Lubchenco's and my study sites, predator densities were higher than at Petraitis' site. Thus, the absence of a predator effect in Petraitis's study was most likely due to low predator density rather than a lack of generality of our earlier results. This reevaluation therefore suggests that within a broader conceptual framework, Petraitis' apparently divergent results are actually consistent with ours.     

广西窄腹茧蜂属一新种：膜翅目：茧蜂科：茧蜂亚科

茧蜂亚科已知有123个属(Quicke,1987),其中窄腹茧蜂属Angustibracon Quicke是Quicke(1987)根据分布在印度的1个种Bracon leptogaster Cameron重新组合为1个新属而建立,迄今已定名种仅此1种。我们整理广西茧蜂标本时,鉴定出该属1新种。这是本属种类在我国分布的首次报道,现将该属属征和新种形态记述如下。新种模式标本存湖南农学院昆虫标本室。     

寄生云杉树蜂的枝跗瘿蜂一新种(膜翅目:瘿蜂总科:枝跗瘿蜂科)

枝跗瘿蜂科(Ibahidae)是个小科,所有种类均寄生蛀干害虫树蜂科(Siricidae)的幼虫。我国大陆的本科种类由杨忠岐1991年首次作了报道。现记述采自祁连山林区的另1新种。该种寄生于为害青海云杉(Picea crassifolia Kom.)的黄肩长尾树蜂(Xeris spec-trum spectrum)等树蜂的幼虫。新种的模式标本保存于西北林学院天敌昆虫研究室。至此,我国大陆共有本科种类3种,加上台湾的1个种,我国共有4种:     

吉林省跃度蝗属一新种：直翅目：网翅蝗科

本文报道跃度蝗属1新种。模式标本保存于东北师范大学生物系动物标本室。1.土们岭跃度蝗Podismopsis tumenlingensis,新种 雄性:体小型。头顶三角形,具中隆线,眼间距宽为触角间颜面隆起宽的2.00-2.26倍。缺头侧窝。颜面倾斜,颜面隆起侧缘近平行,中央具纵沟。触角丝状,