New liverwort records for Vietnam

A short collecting expedition to Vietnam in 2016 yielded 700 specimens of 170 liverwort species of which 79 were new to the flora of Vietnam, including 43 species new to Indochina. Many of the newly recorded species have meta-Himalayan distributions (that predicts occurrence of these taxa in the areas of north-west Vietnam situated in the south-easternmost spurs of the Himalaya). Some species were recorded based on the study of living material, permitting the examination of oil body characteristics for Riccardia and Calypogeia. The known taxonomic liverwort diversity of Vietnam is currently 379 taxa, estimated to represent ca 80% of the actual taxonomic diversity in the country.     

软滑水螨属中国五新种暨老挝一新种：蜱螨亚纲：湿螨总科：软滑水螨科

本文记述软滑水螨属Ｐｉｏｎａ的中国５种新和老挝１新种：李氏软滑水螨ｐ．ｌｉｉｓｐｎ,ｍ、成都软滑水螨Ｐ．ｃｈｅｎｇｄｕｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎ．、剌足软滑水螨Ｐ．ｓｐｉｎｉｐｏｄａｓｐ．ｎ．、簇瘤软滑水螨Ｐ．ｔｕｂｅｒｃｕｌｏｓａｓｐ．ｎ、多突软滑水螨Ｐ．ｐａｐｉｌｓａｓｐ．ｎ．和异达氏软滑水螨Ｐ．ａｌｌｄａｄａｙｉｓｐ．ｎ。本文属为老挝水螨区系之新纪录。本文还简记了该属属征和腺毛分布特征,编制了中国珊     

Biogeographic area relationships in southern New Zealand: a cladistic analysis of Lepidoptera distributions

ABSTRACT. Recently, attention has been directed toward the application of cladistic techniques to reconstruct the history of areas from species distribution data. In this study, hypotheses of area relationships for southern New Zealand are generated from lepidopteran distribution data analysed at two taxonomic levels. Data are shown to possess cladistic structure and area relationships presented here are consistent with the geological history of the southern region of New Zealand. Our results suggest a recolonization of inland lowland regions from the south following a period of extinction during the early Pliocene. Analysis of selected data including only flightless or locally endemic species resulted in little resolution of area relationships but topologies were significantly congruent with a total species dataset. Hypotheses generated from this study are open to testing with congruence analysis using independent species phylogenies.     

Plant Remains From Waterlogged Sites In The Arawe Islands, West New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea: Implications For The History Of Plant Use And Domestication

Plant remains in the Arawe Islands were found preserved in waterlogged beach sediments. Remnants of edible fruit and wild nuts were found together with Lapita pottery, stone artifacts, and other evidence of human settlement. Previous discoveries of fruit and nut remains in Lapita pottery sites have been interpreted as evidence for an arboricultural complex based on a variety of tree species. Here we report direct evidence for plant use, but are unable to recognise any particular system of plant cultivation or harvest. All the genera and species recognised in the Arawe plant remains are known to enter modern beach drift by natural processes, from wild and cultivated sources. The archaeological assemblages pose intriguing problems for interpreting the history of plant use and domestication.     

黄芪A6组分对流感病毒感染小鼠的防治作用

用黄芪生药1250～5000mg／kg,连续给药小鼠5d,其A6组分对100LD50或100ID50感染的BALB／C小鼠都有明显的预防和治疗作用,可降低感染幼鼠的死亡率和延长其平均存活天数;降低感染成年鼠的肺湿重。经X2和t检验,有显著性差异。且预防效果优于治疗。早期给药疗效较好。     

内蒙古贺兰山狂蛛1新种及2新纪录种（蜘蛛目：平腹蛛科）

记述采自我国内蒙古贺兰山的３种狂蛛,其中贺兰狂蛛Ｚｅｌｏｔｅｓｈｅｌａｎｓｈａｎｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．为１新种,波氏狂蛛ＺｅｌｏｔｅｓｐｏｔａｎｉｎｉＳｃｈｅｎｋｅｌ,１９６３和蔡氏狂蛛ＺｅｌｔｏｅｓｔｓａｉｉＰｌａｔｎｉｃｋｅｔＳｏｎｇ,１９８６是内蒙古新纪录。     

Impacts of secondary seed dispersal and herbivory on seedling survival in Aesculus turbinata

Abstract. Aesculus turbinata is a tree species with large seeds (6.2 g mean dry weight). We studied the demography of its seeds and seedlings in a temperate deciduous forest in northern Japan to elucidate the ecological significance of large seeds with special reference to herbivory and secondary dispersal. Both seed and seedling stages suffered greatly from herbivores. Seedling herbivory was important judged from experiments with shoot clipping and hypogeal cotyledon removal. However, some seedlings survived through re-sprouting after herbivory. Survival rate and percentage resprouting seedlings were lower than those with remaining cotyledons, though seedling size was not affected. This suggests that stored resources in hypogeal cotyledons are working as a kind of ‘risk hedge’ against severe aboveground shoot clipping experienced by A. turbinata. The spatial distribution of seedlings was expanded via seed scatter-hoarding by rodents. Seedling survival rate was higher within canopy gaps than under closed canopy, indicating that canopy gaps are safe sites for establishment, and was negatively correlated with seedling density. Therefore, secondary seed dispersal in this species seems to be effective in ‘finding’ safe sites and in ‘escaping’ density-dependent mortality. The large seeds and seedlings of A. turbinata are attractive to herbivores, but the high resistance of seedlings to herbivory due to large reserves and the effective secondary dispersal appear to mitigate these disadvantages.     

中国的新月孢属真菌

本文报道了我国新月孢属真菌Harposporiumanguillulae,H.arcuatum,H.crassum,H.lilliptotanum,H.oxycoracum和一个新种──小旋孢新月孢Harposporiummicrospiralesp.nov.。新种主要特征为球形瓶梗上着生1～3个小梗,孢子微旋,96～13.9×0.6～0.9μm。     

Physiological (antioxidant) responses of estuarine fishes to variability in dissolved oxygen

Cycles of dissolved oxygen (DO) in estuaries can range from anoxia to various levels of supersaturation (200–300%) over short time periods. Aerobic metabolism causes formation of damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS), a process exacerbated by high or low DO. Fish can generate physiological defenses (e.g. antioxidant enzymes) against ROS, however, there are little data tying this to environmental conditions. We investigated physiological defenses generated by estuarine fishes in response to high DO and various DO cycles. We hypothesized that chemical defenses and/or oxidative damage are related to patterns of DO supersaturation. Specific activities of antioxidants in fish tissues should be positively correlated with increasing levels of DO, if high DO levels are physiologically stressful. We caged common benthic fishes (longjaw mudsucker, Gillichthysmirabilis, and staghorn sculpin, Leptocottusarmatus, in CA and spot, Leiostomusxanthurus and pinfish, Lagodonrhomboides, in NC) during summer 1998 in two estuarine sites in southern North Carolina and two in central California. At each site a water quality meter measured bottom DO, salinity, temperature, depth, pH and turbidity at 30 min intervals throughout the study. These sites exhibited a wide variety of dissolved oxygen patterns. After 2 weeks in the cages, fish gills and livers were analyzed for antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase) and the metabolite glutathione. All fish exhibited antioxidant enzyme activity. There was a significant site-dependent effect on all enzyme activities at the NC sites, with the most activity at the site with the highest DO cycling and the most DO supersaturation. There was a trend towards higher enzyme activities under high DO levels at the CA sites.