中华绒螯蟹胸神经团神经分泌细胞的显微和超显微结构观察

应用光学显微镜和电子显微镜技术,研究了中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)胸神经团的神经分泌细胞,描述了其显微和超显微结构。依据细胞形态、细胞核、内分泌颗粒和细胞质的特征将胸神经团神经分泌细胞分为3种类型:Ⅰ型细胞最大,胞质中存在许多大小不同的空泡,分泌颗粒数量很少;Ⅱ型细胞中等大小,细胞器发达,分泌颗粒数量较多,形态多样;Ⅲ型细胞最小,分泌颗粒数量最多,细胞器很少。     

HPLC Analysis of Neurophysin Proteins from Neurosecretory Granules

Abstract: Neurosecretory granules were obtained from neurolobes of porcine pituitary glands. From the granules, highly purified neurophysins were prepared by HPLC. According to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, N- and C-terminal amino acid residue determination, and amino acid composition, the neurophysins I₁ I₂, and II were identical to the neurophysins obtained from whole posterior lobes. Since degradation could not have occurred, we conclude that neurophysin I₁ and I₂ originated in the neurosecretory granules.     

Synaptology of neurosecretory cells in the nucleus paraventricularis of the domestic fowl

Summary Processes of magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) are easily identifiable on the basis of their content in neurosecretory granules in the neuropil of the rostral division of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the domestic fowl. In specimens sacrificed during the winter the synaptic organization of the neuropil and the pattern of synapses ending on neurosecretory processes were studied at the ultrastructural level. Synapses in the rostral part of the PVN neuropil may be divided into three main categories on the basis of their morphology and their content of clear and dense-core synaptic vesicles. These different types of terminals can be attributed to aminergic, peptidergic or other types of synapses. The percent distribution of synapses within these categories differs when all synapses observed in the neuropil or only those ending on MNC processes are compared. Present ultrastructural data obtained in birds support two physiological hypotheses already suggested for mammals, i.e., the probable existence of a recurrent pathway to MNCs via an interneuron, and the importance of aminergic and peptidergic input in regulating the electrical activity of MNCs.This work was partly supported by a CNR grant (n. 81.00377.04)     

Cytological evidence for activation of neuroendocrine cells in the parvocellular preoptic nucleus of the goldfish hypothalamus following pharmacological adrenalectomy

Summary The nucleus preopticus (NPO) of the goldfish hypothalamus is composed of parvocellular (NPOpc) and magnocellular (NPOmc) neurosecretory neurons. The cytology of NPOpc and NPOmc neurons was examined with light and electron microscopy following pharmacological adrenalectomy with the adrenocortical inhibitor, metopirone. After five days of metopirone administration, light microscopy revealed a significant increase in nuclear area of NPOpc, but not of NPOmc, neurons.Ultrastructural examination of NPOpc neurons revealed two cell types, PC 1 and PC 2 neurons, which could be distinguished by the relative abundance and the size of the neurosecretory granules in the cytoplasm. The ultrastructural appearance of the NPOmc neurons revealed a single cell type containing abundant neurosecretory granules. Following five days of metopirone administration, the ultrastructural appearance of the PC 1 neurons indicated a state of enhanced secretory activity. Metopirone had no observable effect on the appearance of the PC 2 or NPOmc neurons. These observations demonstrate that PC 1 neurons are activated under the conditions of pharmacological adrenalectomy and suggest that the secretory activity of these neurons is inhibited by adrenocorticosteroids.     

Identification of adenohypophysiotropic neurohormone producing neurosecretory cells in Rana temporaria

Summary By means of electron microscopy, in the median eminence of Rana temporaria, the terminal arborizations of axons of six different types of neurosecretory cells, located in the pars ventralis of the tuber cinereum, were identified. In addition, phenomena connected with the release of neurosecretory material from the axon terminals of these neurosecretory cells into the blood capillaries of the median eminence are described.Preliminary results suggested the existence, in the median eminence, of additional different neurosecretory axon types which could also belong to corresponding neurosecretory cell types probably located in the apical part of the pars ventralis of the tuber cinereum. Moreover, in the external region of the normal median eminence, separate monoaminergic nerve fibres were tentatively identified. Arguments are adduced which plead (1) against the assumption that the ependyma or the pituicytes of the median eminence could produce adenohypophysiotropic hormones; (2) against the inference that the ependymal cells of the median eminence might be involved in the transport of adenohypophysiotropic hormones from the cerebrospinal fluid into the blood capillaries of the median eminence.     

Cholinesterase in the posterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary

Summary Posterior and intermediate lobes of pituitary glands of cat, rabbit, beef, and rat were examined histochemically for specific (AChE) and non-specific (BuChE) cholinesterase by light and electron microscopy. Acetylthiocholine was utilized in conjunction with ethopropazine to demonstrate AChE, and butyrylthiocholine with BW 284C51 to demonstrate BuChE. Glandular cells of the intermediate lobe of cat, rabbit and rat contained variable amounts of AChE, whereas those of beef contained BuChE. In the posterior pituitary, AChE was detected in the cat, BuChE in the beef and rat, and both AChE and BuChE in the rabbit. In the posterior lobe of all species examined, cholinesterase, whether true or pseudo enzyme, as the case may be, was localized to certain pituicytes and pituicyte-neuron junctions. These histochemical studies failed to identify cholinergic neurons in the posterior pituitary. Large blood vessels of the pituitary were innervated apparently by adrenergic nerves only. Speculations on the role of pituicyte cholinesterase in posterior pituitary secretion are presented.Supported by the Medical Research Council of Canada.Medical Research Associate of the MRC of Canada.     

Morphometric classification of the neurosecretory granules in the rat pars nervosa

Summary The distribution of the diameters of the neurosecretory granules in the rat pars nervosa (measured from electron micrographs taken at 40 000 × ) was compared among axons by nonparametric statistical methods and the axons were classified into five groups with median granule diameters of 143, 155, 167, 180 and 193 nm. We suggested that these five axon types carried different secretory substances contained in the pars nervosa. This investigation is supported by a grant from the Population Council, New York and grant from the Ministry of Education. Authors are grateful to Japan Electron Optics Laboratory Company for their technical assistance with the electron microscopy and to Miss Kazue Yamamoto for her help in preparing the figures.     

Fluoreszenzmikroskopischer Nachweis von Arginin im Neurosekret des Schweines mit Phenanthrenchinon

Zusammenfassung Das Neurosekret im Hypophysenhinterlappen des Schweines enthält Arginin. Dieser in einer voraufgegangenen Untersuchung mit Hilfe der Ninhydrin-Reaktion erhobene Befund wird durch die vorliegende Mitteilung bestätigt, bei der zum Argininnachweis die Phenanthrenchinon-Reaktion benutzt wurde.Aus den Befunden ist zu folgern, daß das Neurosekret als Äquivalent der Trägerproteine anzusehen ist, da die Hormone selbst beim Schwein argininfrei sind.

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Detection of arginine in the neurosecretory material of the pig by means of the phenanthrenequinone fluorescence method

Summary By using the phenanthrenequinone-reaction it is shown that the neurosecretory material in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis in pigs contains arginine. This finding confirms results previously obtained by using the ninhydrine reaction.Since in pigs the hormones vasopressin and oxytocin are free of arginine, the findings indicate that the neurosecretory material represents the carrier proteins.

Mit dankenswerter Unterstützung durch den Herrn Bundesminister für Bildung und Wissenschaft.     

Localization of neurophysin in the rat supraoptic nucleus

Summary Localization of neurophysin in neurons of the supraoptic nucleus was accomplished using an unlabeled-antibody, post-embedding, immunoperoxidase technique. Neurophysin was exclusively associated with neurosecretory granules within cell bodies of supraoptic neurons and their processes.Supported by U.S.P.H.S. Grant HD-08867     

Intra- and extraganglionic nerve endings formed by neurosecretory cells of the cerebral ganglion of the earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris L.)

Summary In the cerebral (= supraesophageal, suprapharyngeal) ganglion of the earthworm, a number of neurosecretory Gomori-positive perikarya are bipolar; others are unipolar, or multipolar. Some of the neurosecretory cell processes project centrally into a fibrous zone; peripheral processes enter small nerves which leave the dorsocaudal aspect of the ganglion.In the central fibrous zone, the neurosecretory fibers form varicose Gomoripositive terminals. Here, also zinc-iodine-osmium (ZIO)-positive fibers and monoamine fluorescent fibers are found. With the electron microscope, nerve terminals containing synaptic vesicles and either large neurosecretory peptidergic granular vesicles (diameter more than 1500 Å), or smaller granular vesicles (diameter about 1300 Å, or 900 Å) are observed. These axon endings mainly form axo-dendritic synapses. Peptidergic profiles are both pre- and postsynaptic. Some of the extraganglionic peptidergic fibers appear to terminate around vessels, but most of them form terminals on the visceral muscle cells which surround the ganglion.We think that the central neurosecretory processes communicate with the fibers of the synaptic zone of the ganglion. The peripheral neurosecretory peptidergic fibers are supposed to form a primitive neurohemal area and/or to function as vasomotor nerves. The fibers innervating the visceral muscle cells may represent vegetative nerves.