云丘山地区灌木群落优势种数量关系

以68个灌木样方的重要值矩阵和2×2列联表为基础,结合实地调查,应用方差比率法、χ2检验、Pearson相关系数及Spearman秩相关系数法,对云丘山地区灌木群落的20个优势种、190个种对的关联性进行了定量研究。方差比率法结果表明,20个优势种总体间关联为显著正相关,云丘山地区的灌木群落处于较稳定的状态;χ2检验、Pearson相关系数、Spearman秩相个关系数结果表明,大部分种对的种间关联未达到显著程度,种间联结较为松散,群落结构及其种类组成将逐渐趋于完善和稳定;根据这20个优势种对环境的适应方式和主导生态因素辅助以PCA排序,可将它们划分为两种生态种组。以上结果揭示了该地区主要优势物种与环境的相互关系。     

浙江分水江水库大型底栖动物群落结构及水质评价

2008年11月-2009年10月,在浙江桐庐分水江水库设置7个站点对大型底栖动物进行逐月调查.结果表明:调查共采集到37种底栖动物,主要由寡毛纲和摇蚊科物种组成.春、夏、秋季优势种均为霍甫水丝蚓,冬季优势种为羽摇蚊.直接收集者在物种数量、密度和生物量上均占绝对优势.群落年均密度和年均生物量分别为(488.0±48.8) ind·m-2和(1.86±0.49) g·m-2.底栖动物密度在站点间无明显差异但存在显著的季节变化,呈现春季＞夏季＞冬季＞秋季的趋势,生物量在站点、季节间均无显著差异.水温和水深是影响底栖动物时空分布的主要因子.Shannon多样性指数和Goodnight-Whitley指数不适合用于该水库的水质评价,其他指数综合显示分水江水库属于轻度污染.     

B群链球菌的培养及优化研究

为了研究B群链球菌的生长和荚膜多糖的合成规律,采用摇瓶试验,探讨不同的液体培养基、培养基的pH值、葡萄糖的含量、生长因子、种子菌的接种量和溶氧等因素对B群链球菌生长的影响,优化发酵参数。并放大到10 L发酵罐中培养,菌浓度最高可达到20亿/mL;荚膜多糖的含量在培养的5 h达到652μg/mL。经过多次试验,建立了稳定的GBS发酵工艺。     

Meta‐population structure and the evolutionary transition to multicellularity

The evolutionary transition to multicellularity has occurred on numerous occasions, but transitions to complex life forms are rare. Here, using experimental bacterial populations as proxies for nascent multicellular organisms, we manipulate ecological factors shaping the evolution of groups. Groups were propagated under regimes requiring reproduction via a life cycle replete with developmental and dispersal (propagule) phases, but in one treatment lineages never mixed, whereas in a second treatment, cells from different lineages experienced intense competition during the dispersal phase. The latter treatment favoured traits promoting cell growth at the expense of traits underlying group fitness – a finding that is supported by results from a mathematical model. Our results show that the transition to multicellularity benefits from ecological conditions that maintain discreteness not just of the group (soma) phase, but also of the dispersal (germline) phase.     

低温下黄瓜幼苗子叶硫氢基（SH）含量变化与膜脂过氧化

随着温度的降低,黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)幼苗子叶中的 SH 基含量逐渐减少;子叶电解质泄漏逐渐提高;SH 基含量的减少与丙二醛(MDA)的增加呈负相关。在黄瓜幼苗子叶中由低温引起的 SH 含量降低和 MDA 增加可因苯甲酸钠和 Vit E 预处理而抑制,因甲基紫精(MV)预处理而加剧。随着对黄瓜幼苗预处理的 MDA 浓度的增大,幼苗子叶中 SH 基含量的降低和电解质泄漏的增加越来越剧,显示出 MDA 对 SH 基具有一定的破坏作用。     

Efficient Passivation of Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells Using Organic Dyes with COOH Functional Group

Organic–inorganic halide perovskites are efficient absorbers for solar cells. Nevertheless, the trap states at the surfaces and grain boundaries are a detrimental factor compromising the device performance. Here, an organic dye (AQ310) is employed as passivator to reduce the trap states of the perovskites and promote better stability. The results demonstrate that the trap states of perovskite are minimized by the presence of AQ310's ?COOH group and the formation of coordination with under‐coordinated Pb²⁺ ions. The resulting carrier recombination time is prolonged and verified by the photoluminescence and open‐circuit voltage decay measurements. Consequently, the best average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.43% is achieved for the perovskite solar cell (PSC) with AQ310 passivation, as compared with a low average PCE of 17.98% for the PSC without AQ310 passivation.     

The 4‐pyridylmethyl ester as a protecting group for glutamic and aspartic acids: ‘flipping’ peptide charge states for characterization by positive ion mode ESI‐MS

Use of the 4‐pyridylmethyl ester group for side‐chain protection of glutamic acid residues in solid‐phase peptide synthesis enables switching of the charge state of a peptide from negative to positive, thus making detection by positive ion mode ESI‐MS possible. The pyridylmethyl ester moiety is readily removed from peptides in high yield by hydrogenation. Combining the 4‐pyridylmethyl ester protecting group with benzyl ester protection reduces the number of the former needed to produce a net positive charge and allows for purification by RP HPLC. This protecting group is useful in the synthesis of highly acidic peptide sequences, which are often beset by problems with purification by standard RP HPLC and characterization by ESI‐MS. Copyright © 2014 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Novel chiral ionic liquids stationary phases for the enantiomer separation of chiral acid by high‐performance liquid chromatography

Novel chiral ionic liquid stationary phases based on chiral imidazolium were prepared. The ionic liquid chiral selector was synthesized by ring opening of cyclohexene oxide with imidazole or 5,6‐dimethylbenzimidazole, and then chemically modified by different substitute groups. Chiral stationary phases were prepared by bonding to the surface of silica sphere through thioene “click” reaction. Their enantioselective separations of chiral acids were evaluated by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The retention of acid sample was related to the counterion concentration and showed a typical ion exchange process. The chiral separation abilities of chiral stationary phases were greatly influenced by the substituent group on the chiral selector as well as the mobile phase, which indicated that, besides ion exchange, other interactions such as steric hindrance, π‐π interaction, and hydrogen bonding are important for the enantioselectivity. In this report, the influence of bulk solvent components, the effects of varying concentration, and the type of the counterion as well as the proportion of acid and basic additives were investigated in detail.     

长期氮添加对典型草原植物多样性与初级生产力的影响及途径

氮(N)沉降对陆地生态系统的结构和功能已产生了重要的影响, N也是中国北方草原植物生长和初级生产力的主要限制性元素。物种多样性和功能多样性是揭示生物多样性对生态系统功能维持机制的关键指标, 然而, 关于长期N添加下草原物种多样性与功能多样性的关系, 及其对初级生产力的影响途径及机制, 尚不十分清楚。为此, 该研究依托在内蒙古典型草原建立的长期N添加实验平台, 实验处理包括1个完全对照(不添加任何肥料)和6个N添加水平(0、1.75、5.25、10.50、17.50和28.00 g·m^-2·a^-1), 研究了长期N添加对典型草原物种多样性、功能多样性和初级生产力的影响大小及途径。结果表明: 1) N添加显著降低了典型草原的物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数, 但对功能多样性(包括功能性状多样性指数和群落加权性状值)无显著的影响。2)结构方程模型分析表明, 功能多样性主要受物种丰富度的影响, 但是物种多样性减少并没有导致功能多样性降低, 其原因主要是功能群组成发生了改变, 即群落内多年生根茎禾草所占比例显著增加, 以致群落加权性状值变化不大。3) N通过影响物种丰富度和功能群组成, 间接影响群落加权性状值, 进而影响群落净初级生产力。其中, 群落加权性状值是最重要的影响因子, 可解释48%的初级生产力变化, 表明初级生产力主要是由群落内优势物种的生物量及功能性状所决定, 因此该研究的结果很好地支持了质量比假说。     

The influence of cholesterol on head group mobility in phospholipid membranes

The dielectric dispersion in the MHz range of the zwitterionic dipolar phosphocholine head groups has been measured from 0–70°C for various mixtures of $\text{1,2-}\text{dipalmitoyl}\text{-sn-}\text{glycero-3-phosphocholine}$ (DPPC) and cholesterol. The abrupt change in the derived relaxation frequency $\text{f}{}_2$ observed for pure DPPC at the gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transition at 42°C reduces to a more gradual increase of frequency with temperature as the cholesterol content is increased. In general the presence of cholesterol increases the DPPC head group mobility due to its spacing effect. Below 42°C no sudden changes in $\text{f}{}_2$ are found at 20 or 33 mol% cholesterol, where phase boundaries have been suggested from other methods. Above 42°C, however, a decrease in $\text{f}{}_2$ at cholesterol contents up to 20–30 mol% is found. This is thought to be partly due to an additional restricting effect of the cholesterol on the number of hydrocarbon chain conformations and consequently on the area occupied by the DPPC molecules.