矿物油乳剂与巴氏新小绥螨对柑橘全爪螨的协同控制研究

利用捕食螨防治柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri已有大面积应用,但捕食螨田间防治效果常受到果园使用化学农药的影响,相应配套技术是捕食螨应用的瓶颈问题。2010年6～10月,在广东省四会市罗源镇柑橘园,分别采用五种处理方式(常规化学农药;化学农药加巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri;单独使用矿物油乳剂;单独使用巴氏新小绥螨;矿物油乳剂加巴氏新小绥螨)防治柑橘全爪螨,设不采取任何防治措施的样地为对照。试验结果显示,各处理的种群干扰控制指数分别是3.7195、1.4942、0.2439、0.2053、0.0488,校正虫口减退率分别是-271.95%、-49.42%、75.61%、79.47%、95.12%。化学农药防治对柑橘全爪螨的控制作用不理想,影响了巴氏新小绥螨的持续控制作用;巴氏新小绥螨能较好地发挥对柑橘全爪螨的控制作用,矿物油乳剂表现出较好的长期控制效果,矿物油乳剂配合巴氏新小绥螨对柑橘全爪螨有较好的协同控制作用。     

Implications of alternative prey on biocontrol of pests by arthropod predators in strawberry

A range of naturally occurring predator species or commercially produced predators can be used in biocontrol strategies for pests. However, multiple potential prey species or other alternative food sources are often present for predatory insects at any one time. The availability of this ‘alternative’ prey may affect specific pest control by predators and thus influence the release rates of predators required for economic pest control. Strawberry aphid (Chaetosiphon fragaefolii), western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) and European tarnished plant bug (Lygus rugulipennis) are important and damaging pests in strawberry. In this study, laboratory, glasshouse and field experiments were undertaken to assess the effects of the availability of multiple prey species on biocontrol of specific pests. Results indicated that two of the predators tested showed preferences for prey species such that biocontrol of a particular pest was often less effective when a combination of pest species was present than would have been expected from results of experiments with single prey species alone. The experiments indicated that Orius laevigatus preferred C. fragaefolii to F. occidentalis or to L. rugulipennis, and preferred L. rugulipennis to F. occidentalis. Chrysoperla carnea was shown to prefer C. fragaefolii to L. rugulipennis, and C. fragaefolii over F. occidentalis. Therefore, it is important to consider the effects of alternative prey on suppression of pest species when deciding on management strategies and release rates of predators.     

Predation,oviposition and conversion rates of the predacious mite,Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) consuming different densities of Tetranychus urticae Koch,Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) and Thrips tabaci Lind.

Rates of prey consumption, egg production and prey conversion by the predacious mite, Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) were estimated at different densities of Tetranychus urticae Koch, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) and Thrips tabaci Lind. in the laboratory. N. californicus females functionally and numerically responded to the increasing densities of T. urticae nymphs, B. tabaci nymphs and T. tabaci larvae showing Holling’s type II. The maximum mean predation and oviposition rates by the predator females devouring T. urticae, B. tabaci and T. tabaci occurred at 15, 10 and 10 prey individuals/day, respectively, followed by the plateau levels at higher prey densities. N. californicus females exhibited the highest feeding and oviposition on T. urticae nymphs, followed by T. tabaci larvae and B. tabaci nymphs. The predator females showed the highest efficiency in converting the prey into egg progeny at 5 individuals/day of the previous prey species, respectively. T. urticae was the most favourable for N. californicus females, followed by T. tabaci and B. tabaci.     

Factors affecting the distribution of a predatory mite on greenhouse sweet pepper

The predatory mite Neoseiulus cucumeris is used for biological control of phytophagous mites and thrips on greenhouse cucumber and sweet pepper. In a previous study, N. cucumeris provided effective control of broad mite but was only rarely found on the sampled leaves, raising questions about the factors affecting N. cucumeris distribution. To determine the distribution of N. cucumeris, leaves of pepper plants were sampled three times per day: just after sunrise, at noon and just before sunset for two years and throughout a 24 h period in one year. The presence of other mites and insects was recorded. Biotic (pollen) and abiotic (temperature, humidity) factors were monitored from the three plant levels. The effect of direct and indirect sunlight on the mites was assessed. N. cucumeris was found primarily in flowers; however, the mite’s distribution was affected by other predators (intraguild predation); in the presence of the predatory bug Orius laevigatus virtually no mites occurred in the flowers. Whereas temperature and humidity varied from the top to the lower level of the plants, apparently neither these factors nor the presence of pollen outside the flowers influenced mite distribution. N. cucumeris was found to be negatively phototropic; therefore N. cucumeris were pre-conditioned to light by rearing under light conditions for 4 months before being released. The light-reared mites were initially more numerous during the noon sampling period, however, rearing conditions caused only a temporary and non-significant change in distribution.     

Canalization of body size matters for lifetime reproductive success of male predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

The adaptive canalization hypothesis predicts that highly fitness‐relevant traits are canalized via past selection, resulting in low phenotypic plasticity and high robustness to environmental stress. Accordingly, we hypothesized that the level of phenotypic plasticity of male body size of the predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis (low plasticity) and Neoseiulus californicus (high plasticity) reflects the effects of body size variation on fitness, especially male lifetime reproductive success (LRS). We first generated small and standard‐sized males of P. persimilis and N. californicus by rearing them to adulthood under limited and ample prey supply, respectively. Then, adult small and standard‐sized males were provided with surplus virgin females throughout life to assess their mating and reproductive traits. Small male body size did not affect male longevity or the number of fertilized females but reduced male LRS of P. persimilis but not N. californicus. Proximately, the lower LRS of small than standard‐sized P. persimilis males correlated with shorter mating durations, probably decreasing the amount of transferred sperm. Ultimately, we suggest that male body size is more strongly canalized in P. persimilis than N. californicus because deviation from standard body size has larger detrimental fitness effects in P. persimilis than N. californicus. © 2014 The Authors. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 111 , 889–899.     

Functionally different predators break down antipredator defenses of spider mites

Prey that lives with functionally different predators may experience enhanced mortality risk, because of conflicts between the specific defenses against their predators. Because natural communities usually contain combinations of prey and functionally different predators, examining risk enhancement with multiple predators may help to understand prey population dynamics. It is also important in an applied context: risk enhancement with multiple biological control agents could lead to successful suppression of pests. We examined whether risk enhancement occurs in the spider mite Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida (Acari: Tetranychidae) when exposed to two predator species: a generalist ant, Pristomyrmex punctatus Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and a specialist predatory mite, Neoseiulus womersleyi Schicha (Acari: Phytoseiidae). We replicated microcosms that consisted of spider mites, ants, and predatory mites. Spider mites avoided generalist ants by staying inside their webs on leaf surfaces. In contrast, spider mites avoided specialist predatory mites that intruded into their webs by exiting the web, which obviously conflicts with the defense against ants. In the presence of both predators, enhanced mortality of spider mites was observed. A conflict occurred between the spider mites’ defenses: they seemed to move out of their webs and be preyed upon by ants. This is the first study to suggest that risk enhancement occurs in web‐spinning spider mites that are exposed to both generalist and specialist predator species, and to provide evidence that ants can have remarkable synergistic effects on the biological control of spider mites using specialist predatory mites.     

Etudes comparatives de l'influence de la température et de la nourriture sur le développement deAmblyseius andersoni,Neoseiulus fallacis,Galendromus longipilus etTyphlodromus pyri [Acari: Phytoseiidae]

Résumé L'étude en laboratoire de la biologie du développement deAmblyseius andersoni, Neoseiulus fallacis, Galendromus longipilus etTyphlodromus pyri a permis de calculer les seuils de développement et le taux intrinsèque d'accroissement naturel à 20°C lorsque ces espèces sont nourries avecTetranychus urticae. Le taux de fécondité spécifique à l'age des 4 espèces a été déterminé en utilisant comme proie soitT. urticae, soitPanonychus ulmi. PourA. andersoni et pourT. pyri, P. ulmi constitue une nourriture meilleure queT. urticae, contrairement àN. fallacis etG. longipilus, dont le taux d'accroissement est supérieur quand ils se nourrissent deT. urticae. PourG. longipilus, P. ulmi constitue même une nourriture nettement suboptimale. Pour les femelles de toutes les espèces on a pu mettre en évidence la faculté d'adapter le taux de fécondité et la durée d'oviposition au nombre des proies disponibles. En termes de fécondité, cela permet à ces espèces de réaliser presque tout leur potentiel, indépendamment de la ration quotidienne de nourriture.      

Interactions among phytophagous mites, and introduced and naturally occurring predatory mites, on strawberry in the UK

In choice test experiments on strawberry leaf disc arenas the phytoseiid mites Neoseiulus californicus and N. cucumeris were more effective than Typhlodromus pyri as predators of the phytophagous mites Tetranychus urticae and Phytonemus pallidus. There were no preferences shown for either prey by any of these predators. In multiple predator leaf disc experiments both Phytoseiulus persimilis and N. cucumeris significantly reduced numbers of T. urticae eggs and active stages; this effect was seen when the two species were present alone or in combination with other predator species. Neoseiulus californicus was less effective at reducing T. urticae numbers, and T. pyri was not effective; no interaction between predator species was detected in these experiments. When T. urticae alone was present as prey on potted plants, P. persimilis and N. californicus were the only phytoseiids to significantly reduce T. urticae numbers. These two predator species provided effective control of T. urticae when P. pallidus was also present; however, none of the predators reduced numbers of P. pallidus. There were no significant negative interactions when different species of predators were present together on these potted plants. In field experiments, releases of both P. persimilis and N. cucumeris significantly reduced T. urticae numbers. However, there was a significant interaction between these predator species, leading to poorer control of T. urticae when both species were released together. These results show the importance of conducting predator/prey feeding tests at different spatial scales.     

Use of polypropylene bags for mass rearing Neoseiulus baraki (Acari: Phytoseiidae), a predatory mite of Aceria guerreronis Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae)

An efficient, low cost and practicable mass rearing method for the predatory mite, Neoseiulus baraki Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) was developed using a bag made of two-ply polypropylene (gauge 150, 24 cm × 36 cm) sheets. Introducing 20 N. baraki females into the bag produced a mean number 5218 ± 212.10 offspring in 6 weeks with a 260-fold increase of the initial population.     

Larval size relative to larval feeding, cannibalism of larvae, egg or adult female size and larval–adult setal patterns among 13 phytoseiid mite species

Phytoseiid mite larvae vary in size and feeding type. We compared larval size to feeding by larvae, cannibalism of larvae by adult females, egg and adult female size and the setae lengths of larvae and adults among 13 species. There was no relationship between size of larvae and either feeding by larvae or cannibalism of larvae by adult female mites. Correlations were highest between larval size as measured by idiosoma plus extended leg lengths and adult female size of idiosoma plus extended leg lengths (r²=0.746), while next highest was larval idiosoma length and adult female idiosoma length (r²=0.662) and then larval idiosoma length and egg length (r²=0.579). Based on idiosoma length, Phytoseiulus persimilis had the largest larvae (non-feeding) among species and Euseius finlandicus had the smallest larvae (obligatory feeding). However, based on idiosoma length plus extended leg length, obligatory feeding larvae (on pollen or mites) of E. finlandicus and Euseius hibisci were largest and facultative feeding larvae (on mites) of Neoseiulus californicus and obligatory feeding larvae (on mites) of Galendromus occidentalis were the smallest. Among species with non- or facultative feeding larvae, Amblyseius andersoni and Neoseiulus barkeri had larger larvae and Typhlodromus pyri and Neoseiulus fallacis had smaller larvae when leg lengths were included in larval size. Setae lengths of larvae versus adult females (after adjustment for body sizes) showed high correlation for j6 (r²=0.942) and s4 (r²=0.854), but low correlation for larval Z4 versus adult female Z4 (r²=0.084) or Z5 (r²=0.063). Overall, larval morphological traits were most closely correlated to traits of other life stages, although for setae there were some exceptions. Differences in the functions of setae j6, s4 and Z4 in the larva versus adult female are discussed.