Functional responses of Iphiseius degenerans and Neoseiulus teke (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to changes in the density of the cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari: Tetranychidae)

The functional responses of protonymph and adult female Iphiseius degenerans and Neoseiulus teke to increasing density of three stages of their prey, the cassava green mite (CGM), Mononychellus tanajoa, were studied on excised cassava leaf discs under laboratory conditions. The responses obtained were predominantly sigmoid type III curves with the highest plateau when both stages of I. degenerans and N. teke were preying on CGM eggs. In all cases, the predation rate of the former species exceeded that of the latter. The empirical data were fitted by four different models. From the models, the attack coefficient (a) and handling time (T _h) were estimated. For a given predator stage (protonymph or adult female), the predator's attack coefficient declines and handling time increases as the prey gets larger. For a given prey stage, the predator's attack coefficient increases and handling time decreases as the predator stage becomes larger.     

Absorption and cannibalism: do phytoseiids conserve egg resources when prey densities decline rapidly?

The number of eggs oviposited or left in the opisthosomas of dead mites (total eggs) was assessed for Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt), Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman), Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten or Amblyseius andersoni Chant when each was caged with either (1) no Tetranychus urticae Koch, (2) only odours of T. urticae, (3) ten eggs of M. occidentalis or (4) ten nymphs of M. occidentalis (T. pyri for M. occidentalis). The total eggs for the no prey versus odour tests did not differ within species; the levels were the greatest for N. fallacis > T. pyri > A. andersoni > M. occidentalis. Among treatments, egg means did not differ for M. occidentalis but they did for N. fallacis and T. pyri and similar trends were seen for A. andersoni. Egg means were usually less for mites held with ten predator nymphs than mites held with ten predator eggs or with no prey. Were adult females with nymphs absorbing rather than ovipositing their eggs or dying with them in their opisthosomas? Activity levels (walking) for adult females were no more for mites held with nymphs versus no food. The data indicated that interference by nymphs was not increasing the energy use of females and thus reducing egg levels. However, tests with ten nymphs, one egg and no adult female had egg losses from nymphal predation that could account for fewer eggs in cage tests. Overall, no evidence for absorption was found. If it occurs, it must be among younger eggs or mites exposed to less rapid prey losses than were the mites tested here; in addition, other stimuli may cause absorption. The total eggs in sticky-tape tests were greatest for N. fallacis > M. occidentalis > T. pyri > A. andersoni. Cage versus stick-tape data differed most for M. occidentalis because of cannibalism. All four mites cannibalized eggs but M. occidentalis did most rapidly and extensively. When starved, it laid all of its eggs before the other three species did. Such behaviours may enhance survival of M. occidentalis when prey become scarce.     

Response of Neoseiulus fallacis Garmen and Galendromus occidentalis Nesbitt (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)-Damaged Hop Humulus lupulus (L.) (Urticales: Cannabaceae)

Abstract 1 The response of Neoseiulus fallacis Garmen and Galendromus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)‐damaged and undamaged hop, Humulus lupulus (L.), plants was tested using a Y‐tube olfactometer. 2 Neoseiulus fallacis but not G. occidentalis was attracted to volatiles from T. urticae‐damaged hop plants when paired with undamaged plants. 3 The response of N. fallacis to these volatiles was stronger for plants severed at the soil surface than for intact plants. 4 There was no difference in the response of N. fallacis to severed or intact hop plants that had no spider mite damage, indicating that artificial wounding by severing alone does not elicit the production of attractive volatiles detectable to N. fallacis. These results are consistent with the existence of cross‐talk between signalling pathways initiated by feeding damage and artificial wounding that result in elevated levels of predator‐attracting volatiles.     

从捕食者、猎物的生物学分析胡瓜新小绥螨对针叶小爪螨的控制作用

【目的】为了研究胡瓜新小绥螨Neoseiulus cucumeris(Oudemans)对针叶小爪螨Oligonychus ununguis(Jacobi)的控制能力,为大田防治提供依据。【方法】应用胡瓜新小绥螨和针叶小爪螨的生物学与实验种群生命表的数据进行比较分析。【结果】研究表明:1在(20±1)~(32±1)℃温度条件下,取食针叶小爪螨的胡瓜新小绥螨幼螨、若螨、成螨均能正常生长和繁殖,发育历期随着温度升高而缩短;2在(20±1)、(25±1)、(30±1)、(32±1)℃温度条件下,以针叶小爪螨为食物的胡瓜新小绥螨的产卵量分别为(37.8±5.15)、(52.9±1.92)、(49.5±6.50)、(42.0±6.34)粒,而在同等温度条件下,取食板栗叶片的针叶小爪螨的产卵量分别高出胡瓜新小绥螨的141%、169%、194%和149%;3在(20±1)、(25±1)、(30±1)和(32±1)℃温度条件下,针叶小爪螨的净增殖率(R0)分别为36.5453、66.9788、66.2848、45.4846,比胡瓜新小绥螨高出72.88%、118.36%、92.12%、93.55%,说明针叶小爪螨的生殖潜能与产雌率高于胡瓜新小绥螨,而胡瓜新小绥螨每一世代周期(T)为29.6337、24.2193、20.2165、22.2009d,分别短于针叶小爪螨46.75%、42.03%、39.13%、29.63%;4在(20±1)、(25±1)、(30±1)℃温度条件下,胡瓜新小绥螨的内禀增长率(rm)为0.1030、0.1413、0.1699,分别高于针叶小爪螨的127%、105%、106%,而在(32±1)℃条件下针叶小爪螨的内禀增长率(rm=0.1636)高于胡瓜新小绥螨的115%,说明高温有利于针叶小爪螨的种群增长。【结论】在针叶小爪螨初发生期释放胡瓜新小绥螨能有效地控制其种群增长。     

Host plant specificity in several species of generalist mite predators

1. Species in the genus Neoseiulus are considered to be generalist predators, with some species used in biological control programmes against phytophagous mites and insects. 2. A general survey of Neoseiulus species in inland Australia indicated that different species are associated with particular tree species. This pattern of host plant use was investigated for four Neoseiulus species (N. buxeus, N. cappari, N. brigarinus, N. eremitus) by means of a sampling programme through time and across space. 3. Each species of Neoseiulus was collected entirely or mostly from one species of tree; little or no overlap was detected despite the tree species growing in well‐mixed stands. Host plant specificity thus appears to be strong in this genus. 4. Species in two other genera (Pholaseius and Australiseiulus), also considered to be predatory, showed a similar association with particular tree species. 5. The implications for the use of these predators in biological control are considerable. In particular, phytoseiid species with specific needs in terms of host plants may not be suitable for use as general purpose predators. Meeting the needs of phytoseiids through the modification of host plant attributes may be a step towards enhancing their efficacy as biological control agents.     

How larvae of Thrips tabaci reduce the attack success of phytoseiid predators

Neoseiulus barkeri (= Amblyseius mckenziei) and Amblyseius cucumeris (Acari:Phytoseiidae) are used as control agents of Thrips tabaci (Insecta:Thripidae) in greenhouse crops. Their success in capturing prey larval stages is related to both the feeding state of the predators and to the size of the larvae. When starved, predators are more successful in seizing larvae. Upon contact with a starved predator second stage prey larvae incur a lower death risk than first stage larvae. The larvae of T. tabaci reduce the attack success of their predators by jerking the abdomen and by producing a drop of rectal fluid. When this defensive behaviour is prevented by anaesthetising the larvae with CO₂, predator attack success increases. Anaesthesia does not, however, level out the difference in death risk of the two larval stages. Conceivable causes for this discrepancy are discussed.Availability of suitable prey is dependent on the dynamics of the age structure of the prey population and, hence, may be lower than total thrips density suggests. If so, alternative food sources may be important to maintain the predator population.

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Zusammenfassung Neoseiulus barkeri (= Amblyseius mckenziei) und Amblyseius cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae) werden zur Bekämpfung von Thrips tabaci (Insecta: Thripidae) in Gewächshauskulturen eingesetzt. Sowohl der Ernährungszustand der räuberischen Milben als auch die Grösse der Thripslarven haben Einfluss auf das Ausmass der Beutenahme. Die Prädatoren sind erfolgreicher, wenn sie eine Zeitlang ohne Nahrung gehalten wurden. Beim Zusammentreffen mit einer ausgehungerten Raubmilbe besteht für Thripslarven des zweiten Stadiums ein geringeres Risiko erbeutet und gefressen zu werden als für Larven des ersten Stadiums. T. tabaci Larven mindern den Angriffserfolg der Prädatoren durch kräftiges Hin- und Herschlagen des Abdomens und durch Abgabe eines Tropfens Rektalflüssigkeit. Wird dieses Abwehrverhalten der Larven durch Anaästhesie mit CO₂ verhindert, erhöht sich der Angriffserfolg der Prädatoren. Anästhesie nivelliert jedoch nicht das für beide Larvenstadien unterschiedlich hohe Risiko erbeutet zu werden. Mögliche Ursachen für diesen Unterschied werden diskutiert.Die Verfügbarkeit geeigneter Beutetiere hängt ab von der zeitlichen Entwicklung der Altersstruktur ihrer Population. Das Angebot an wirklich geeigneten Beutetieren kan also unter Umständen geringer sein, als dies die Gesamtthripsdichte zunächst vermuten lässt. Ist das der Fall, dürften alternative Nahrungsquellen für die Ernährung der Prädatorenpopulation wichtig sein.

     

巴氏钝绥螨rDNA的ITS基因片段序列分析

采用酚-氯仿抽提法提取了采自江西赣南的巴氏钝绥螨Amblyseiusbarkeri Hughes,1948基因组DNA。以相应引物对巴氏钝绥螨核糖体ITS基因进行PCR扩增,直接测序,得到了652bp的碱基片段（国际基因库索引号FJ392365）,其碱基序列A、C、G、T含量分别为193bp（29．60％）、114bp（17．48％）、144bp（22．09％）、201bp（30．83％）,并对其与其他植绥螨5．8SrDNA及两侧ITS序列进行了分析。     

Functional response of Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on strawberry leaves

Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) is a predatory mite employed for biological control of the agricultural pest Tetranychus urticae (Koch). We explored whether environmental differences, in this case the trichome densities of abaxial leaf surfaces of strawberry cultivars (‘Maehyang’ and ‘Sulhyang’ varieties) affect the functional response of adult female N. californicus preying on immature stages (egg, larva and nymph) of T. urticae. We also evaluated the functional response of N. californicus to eggs of T. urticae at different temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C). We conducted a logistic regression of the proportion of prey consumed as a function of initial prey density to identify functional response types, and used nonlinear least‐squares regression and the random predator equation to estimate attack rates and handling times. The functional response of adult female N. californicus to T. urticae was not influenced by non‐glandular trichomes on abaxial leaves but was affected by temperature. Overall, adult female N. californicus exhibited a type 2 functional response to T. urticae. The handling time of N. californicus was highest (1.9970 h) against T. urticae nymphs. The attack rate did not change much at 15–30°C, but was significantly higher at 35°C. The handling time decreased significantly with increasing temperature at 15–35°C. At 35°C, the attack rate was highest (0.2087) and the handling time was lowest (0.9511 h).     

Distortion of the spermathecae of phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in slide preparation

The shape and dimensions of the spermathecae are taxonomically important characteristics in phytoseiid mites. In experiments with Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) and Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten, the shape of the cervix of the spermatheca changed considerably and its diameter was increased by 42–49% when mites were flattened, compared to being mounted with 140m spacers underneath the coverslips. Dimensions of the dorsal shield were also affected by flattening, increasing by 3–5%.