二齿新蚤和方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种侵袭与离开宿主习性的实验研究

本文对二齿新蚤和方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种侵袭与离开宿主的习性进行了实验研究,结果：(1)蚤攻击宿主距离平均在2cm以内,最大攻击距离不超过10cm。在有效侵袭范围内,蚤与宿主距离近时较距离远时吸血蚤数增多。(2)蚤对宿主的侵袭程度雌蚤大于雄蚤,繁殖蚤大于新羽化蚤,二齿新蚤大于方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种,对小白鼠大于对达乌尔黄鼠。(3)宿主死后一定时间内,仍有部份蚤侵袭其尸体。 死亡时间越长侵袭蚤数越少,呈logY=a-blogX型曲线。(4)蚤离开宿主时间呈偏态分布,温度越高偏态分布越明显。蚤离开死鼠和离开活鼠所需时间很接近。 二齿新蚤和方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种离开宿主时间几乎相同。二种蚤离开宿主平均时间与环境温度呈负相关,且呈曲线关系。     

The underground life of the oriental mole cricket: an analysis of burrow morphology

The underground life of the oriental mole cricket Gryllotalpa orientalis has been investigated by studying the structure of its burrows under different environmental situations and in different seasons. The different uses of different burrow types and their advantages and disadvantages have been examined. The total length, number of tunnels and combination of burrow types varied from a simple tunnel to a more complex one with branches at various angles to the surface, burrow types being divided roughly into shallow horizontal or deep vertical ones. In horizontal burrows, the branching structure was well developed in various directions. It is notable that the vertical burrows of G. orientalis were occupied by only one individual. Both vertical and horizontal burrows were used for foraging: vertical burrows for plants with subterranean stems and horizontal burrows for creeping plants. Vertical burrows were also used for hiding from predators, resting, moulting and overwintering, whereas horizontal burrows were used for escaping from predators and as mating routes. Egg chambers were constructed beside horizontal burrows, and calling burrows were constructed as part of horizontal burrows. Based on their current requirements, mole crickets continuously modify their burrow structures or change burrowing sites.     

海产双壳类东方肛居吸虫新种及其生活史

本文报告福建沿海菲律宾蛤仔等海产贝类中寄生的东方肛居吸虫Proctoeces orienialis sp.nov.新种及其全程生活史。其第一、第二中间宿主都是海产双壳类,其不结囊的后蚴可在贝类中提早发育,但不象本属其他种类直至孕卵,而需经感染黄鳍鲷才发育成孕卵成虫。各期宿主经人工感染试验研究,发育过程经观察比较。本文还探讨了防护问题。     

内蒙古北部荒漠草原地区沙土鼠寄生蚤类的季节消长

本文报告内蒙古北部荒漠草原地区的长爪沙鼠`Meriones unguiculatus``、子午沙鼠`M.meridianus``和大沙鼠`Rhombomys opimus``寄生蚤类的季节消长。通过对分布于河谷低地内的三种沙土鼠寄生蚤类调查证明,体蚤的高峰在温暖季节,巢蚤的高峰则在寒冷季节,而且巢蚤的数量远比体蚤的数量为大。秃病蚤、近代新蚤、同型客蚤和簇鬃客蚤为全年皆可出现的蚤种,而叶状切唇蚤、喉瘪怪蚤、不常纤蚤和弱纤蚤则只出现于秋冬季。对啮齿类寄生蚤的季节消长调查,应全年连续性的进行,鼠体和鼠巢并重,以便全面掌握材料;由于巢蚤更能反映客观数量,尤应注重对巢蚤的调查,特别是在冬季还有很重要的流行病学意义。     

温度对离体培养中风信子再生雄蕊的诱导,小孢子发生和花粉发育的影响

风信子(Hyacinthus orientalis)雄蕊再生的最适温度是25℃。小孢子发生和花粉发育是在温度不断下降的过程中完成的。母细胞分化的最适温度是20—25℃;减数分裂的最适温度是20℃;花粉第一次有丝分裂的最适温度是10℃。按这样的温度条件能够将再生雄蕊培养成熟,并且成熟雄蕊的花粉具有较高的萌发率。不合适的温度将导致小孢子发生和花粉发育停止在某个阶段,最终花粉败育。     

Degradation of malic acid in wine by immobilized Issatchenkia orientalis cells with oriental oak charcoal and alginate

Aims: To test degradation of malic acid content in wine by immobilized Issatchenkia orientalis KMBL 5774 cells recently isolated from Korean wine pomace as a malic acid‐degrading yeast. Methods and Results: I. orientalis KMBL 5774 cells were immobilized using a mixture of oriental oak (Quercus variabilis) charcoal with sodium alginate. When the immobilized yeast cells were observed on a scanning electron microscope, cells were efficiently immobilized on the surface area of the charcoal. A Korean wine containing a high level of malic acid was treated with the immobilized yeast cells. The HPLC analysis of the malic acid content in the treated wine showed the malic acid content was reduced to 0·75 mg ml^?1 after treatment from the original content of 8·96 mg ml^?1, representing 91·6% of the malic acid was degraded during the treatment. Conclusions: The immobilization of the malic acid‐degrading yeasts with oriental oak charcoal and sodium alginate is useful for degradation of malic acid in wines containing a high level of malic acid with no significant increase in other acids. Significance and Impact of the study: Malic acid is sometimes detrimental to the quality of wines when present at high concentrations in some varieties. The immobilized I. orientalis KMBL5774 cells appear to be a promising candidate in view of developing biotechnological methods for reduction of malic acid contents in wine.     

Reproductive and developmental biology of the oriental cockroach Blatta orientalis (Dictyoptera)

At 27 degrees C and 45% r.h. in the laboratory, the oriental cockroach Blatta orientalis (L.) developed to adulthood in seven to nine instars for males (66% had eight instars) and eight to ten instars for females (67% had nine instars) in mixed groups, with up to twelve instars for isolated females. Nymphal development lasted 185 +/- 2 days for males, 216 +/- 4 days for females, with 89% survival to adulthood. Adult longevity was significantly more for males than females in mixed groups. Virgin females lived for 135 +/- 6 days compared with 87 +/- 9 days for females kept with males. After an initial maturation time of 12.2-13.5 +/- 0.4 days for mated and unmated females, oothecae were produced, on average, every 6-7 (range 2-29) days. Ootheca viability was 68% from females kept with males, 32% from females kept apart from males. Numbers of nymphs emerging were 14.1 +/- 0.26 after 45 days from mated female oothecae 8.2 +/- 0.3 after 49 days from unmated females. With sexual reproduction the sex ratio of progeny reaching adulthood was 1.1 males per female (n = 443), whereas unmated females produced only female progency, which is consistent with parthenogenetic reproduction. Drawings of the ventral aspect of the terminalia are given to show features useful for instar determination and for distinguishing between male and female nymphs and adults of B. orientalis.     

黄蜂胃部表皮黄色颗粒的微观形态与发育

东方大黄蜂(胡蜂)Vespa orientalis(膜翅目 Vespinae属)的胃部表皮黄色颗粒位于黄色条纹区域.从黄色颗粒产生至在这一区域扩散,这个过程就是胃部黄颜色形成的过程.用几种电子显微镜研究了黄色颗粒的微观形态和发育过程.结果显示黄色颗粒由20-25pm厚的一层组成,包括总表皮在内厚度约为40-45μm.从上面看,在上述的区域能看到许多直径大约为0.5μm周边光感受器细胞(PPC).在每个黄色颗粒,能观察到一个肌样包膜,它位于一个由9根原纤维组装而成的圆圈内部.黄色颗粒成熟的过程包含通过导管的渗透增加初生黄色粒子数量,这些初生粒子又发育或增生成次生粒子,次生粒子逐渐布满整个区域.在这些黄色粒子层内可产生类似于肝的功能活动.     

怒江东方墨头鱼的年龄结构与生长特性

2006年10月至2008年10月于怒江采集东方墨头鱼(Garra orientalis)136尾,体长54～167mm,体重3.0～114.6g。研究了其年龄、生长等生物学特性,通过耳石轮纹估算东方墨头鱼的年龄,显示怒江东方墨头鱼由10个年龄组组成。耳石半径与体长关系为:L=0.061R1.131(n=125,R2=0.907),体长与体重关系为:W=0.1×10-4L3.160。von Bertalanffy生长参数由退算体长估算:雄性L∞=224.79mm,k=0.094/年,t0=0.51年;雌性L∞=228.91mm,k=0.091/年,t0=0.639年;总体L∞=227.78mm,k=0.091/年,t0=0.588年。体重生长拐点雄性12.15龄、雌性13.75龄。     

内蒙古乌达地区下二叠统植物化石新属——拟楔羊齿属

描述了产于内蒙古乌达地区下二叠统山西组的东方拟楔羊齿Parasphenopteris orientalis Sun &; Deng (新属新种)。该植物以末二次羽片基部着生有"托叶"为特征, 区别于晚古生代其他已知植物。