Whale sharks Rhincodon typus get cleaned by the blue-streak cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus and the moon wrasse Thalassoma lunare in the Philippines

Cleaning interactions are essential for healthy marine ecosystem communities. This study reports the first documentation of the whale shark Rhincodon typus cleaning behaviour in the Indo-West Pacific by two wrasse species, the blue-streak cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus and the moon wrasse Thalassoma lunare in Cebu, Philippines. This study documented 36 cleaning interactions with 14 individual whale sharks. The cleaning interactions appear opportunistic rather than targeted by the sharks, unlike that observed in other species of elasmobranchs. Further work should focus on understanding the drivers of these unique cleaning interactions.     

Scientific quality of tourism environmental impact assessment

1. The scientific quality of environmental impact assessment (EIA), as exemplified by major tourism developments in Australia, is very poor.
2. Methods are inadequately specified.
3. Sampling is inadequately replicated in space or time.
4. Significant parameters are often ignored.
5. Impact predictions are rarely quantitative or testable and frequently are inaccurate.
6. Monitoring programmes generally are inadequate to detect likely impacts.
7. As an exercise in applied science, EIA fails to meet the most fundamental quality criteria.
8. As a tool in public decision-making, EIA needs much better applied science.     

试论生态旅游资源的特征、类型和评价体系

生态旅游成为世界旅游发展方向。国内外对生态旅游资源基本问题的研究还在深化的过程中。笔者针对我国旅游资源分类和评价新国家标准在长期实践研究中总结经验 ,提出生态旅游资源的特性 ,生态旅游资源的分类体系 ,以及生态旅游资源的评价体系。这些基本问题对于生态环境相对脆弱的我国西部地区的旅游发展具有特殊的重要性。     

广东珠海荷包岛生态旅游资源分析及规划

在对广东省珠海市荷包岛的生态环境资源和社会人文资源进行详细调查的基础上,分析了其生态旅游资源特色和旅游环境承载力,认为淡水资源是荷包岛开展生态旅游的限制因子. 同时依据在生态旅游规划中的生态保护、社区参与和因地制宜的原则将荷包岛划分成西部(大脑山)生态保护区、中部生态旅游利用区和东部旅游开发保留区等3个功能区.并对岛上的旅游线路、旅游活动和相关旅游设施建设等进行了初步设计.     

Impacts of tourism on threatened plant taxa and communities in Australia

Summary Many Australian plant species and communities appear to be threatened by tourism. A review of management plans, recovery plans and a survey of experts found that tourism was considered to be a direct or indirect threatening process for 72 plant taxa. This is one fifth of threatened species for which threats have been identified. In addition, many more species are listed as threatened by weeds, trampling, pathogens, clearing and collecting. These are often indirect impacts of tourism, particularly in conservation reserves where tourism is the only commercial activity permitted. Tourism was also considered to be a threatening process for several plant communities. A lack of recognition of the importance of direct and indirect impacts of tourism may potentially hinder the conservation of plant species and communities both in Australia and overseas. It may also limit the effectiveness of sustainable tourism policies, particularly in conservation reserves.     

The effects of tourist and boat traffic on parrot geophagy in lowland Peru

Ecotourism generates important revenue in many developing economies, but poorly regulated ecotourism can threaten the long‐term viability of key biological resources. We determined the effects of tourism, boat traffic, and natural disturbances on parrot geophagy (soil consumption) across seven riverine claylicks in the lowlands of Madre de Dios, Peru. Claylick use significantly decreased when visitors did not follow good practice guidelines and tourist numbers exceeded the capacity of the observation blinds. Otherwise, tourist presence and natural disturbance did not have a significant effect. However, large macaws, particularly Red‐and‐green Macaws (Ara chloropterus), avoided visiting claylicks during periods of peak tourist numbers. Where parrots had multiple geophagy sites to choose from, they preferred sites further from tourist groups. The effect of boat disturbance was greatest on a narrow river with infrequent boat events. On a wider river with heavier traffic, boat disturbance had less of an effect and this effect was inversely proportional to the distance of boats from the claylick. Where visitors followed good‐practice tourism guidelines, they had a low overall negative effect on parrot geophagy. We recommend that visitors respect the claylick observation guidelines to minimize anthropogenic disturbance on parrots and maintain these sites for the benefit of wildlife and humans alike.     

保护地旅游公路的野生动物通道设计原则与技术参数

保护地以其丰富的生物多样性和优美的自然环境为生态旅游的开展提供了基础条件。近年来, 保护地的生态旅游与旅游道路建设得到了飞速发展。旅游公路的修建, 在促进经济发展的同时, 也带来了野生动物致死、基因隔离、栖息地丧失、生境破碎化等一系列生态问题。因此设立合适的野生动物通道作为一种有效方式, 成为缓解公路对野生动物负面影响的主要途径。本文基于动物通道相关研究, 提出通道设计应遵从针对性、科学性、持续有效性、可行性四条原则, 道路生态学与保护生物学相关理论、保护地管理法规与管理规划、关键物种或类群生态学特性与栖息地现状以及沿线地形地貌特征都应作为通道设置的参考依据; 并从通道建设的数量、位置、类型、尺寸、表面设计、配套设施以及后期监测等方面提出了通道建设的技术参数。为长期有效地发挥野生动物通道的生态功能, 建议制定通道建设技术规范, 细化通道技术参数, 积极开展科研监测, 以缓解道路对野生动物的影响。     

Waste Generation Flows and Tourism Growth: A STIRPAT Model for Mallorca

Several studies have examined the relationship between environmental degradation and population growth. However, most of them do not take into account the difference between local population and tourist arrivals, which is considerably important for mature tourist destinations. This article contributes to the literature by separating these two groups within the framework of IPAT‐based models to measure the impact of tourist arrivals in terms of municipal solid waste generation for Mallorca. The model leads to a stochastic differential equations system, which shows that this mature tourist destination has higher population elasticity than industrial economies. Moreover, the model allowed us to measure the elasticity of substitution between lower‐ and higher‐income tourists. Results showed that an increase of 1% on tourist arrivals growth rate would generate an increase in waste disposal generation of 1.25%. Furthermore, an increase of tourist expenditures by 1% on the destination would lead to an increase of municipal solid waste generation of 0.51%.     

Early Recreation Ecology Research in Europe – Disciplinary development and review of German-language research results

Recreation ecology, as a scientific field, has a long tradition in North America and the United Kingdom. In contrast, research conducted in the German-speaking areas of Europe (i.e. Germany, Austria and Switzerland) has, until now, gained no wide-spread attention within the international scientific community. This is primarily due to the language barrier.An extensive search of the literature published in German prior to 1980, is the basis for a systematic review of recreation ecology. Building upon this review, this paper outlines the formation of recreation ecology as a research field in German-speaking Europe. This formation corresponds with developments in other parts of the world. The conclusion discusses the potential for the advancement of recreation ecology research in Central Europe. These include the development of specific impact parameters and the focus on characteristic European ecosystem types.     

Introduction: Double Signs and Intrasocietal Heterogeneity in Primitivist Tourism Encounters

ABSTRACT

A growing body of ethnographic work examines tourism in which visited people are figured as embodying an archaic human condition outside modernity. I suggest that this work's core subject is the structure of articulations between people who understand their close involvement very differently. I then highlight two more specific themes that cut across this issue's case studies from Kenya, Indonesia, China, and Papua New Guinea. One is that ethnographers trace participants' disparate understandings of specific interactional media, since these contact points and their plural make-up are the actual substance of articulation between different sides to the encounters. The other theme I highlight is that heterogeneity within tourists' and visited people's home ideological formations is critical to their tourism involvement, such that endosocial and exosocial processes are mutually constitutive. I lastly outline how the category ‘primitivism’ is a useful resource for situating this tourism in wider and deeper historical contexts.