Ultrastructure of the parasitic interface ofPucciniastrum,Thekopsora, Naohidemyces,andCalyptospora (Uredinales,Pucciniastraceae) in the dikaryotic stage

The ultrastructure of dikaryotic haustoria of sevenPucciniastrum species,Thekopsora galii, Naohidemyces vaccinii, andCalyptospora goeppertiana was investigated.Pucciniastrum actinidiae, P. agrimoniae, P. pyrolae, andCalyptospora goeppertiana revealed haustoria whose necks were wrapped by a fold of the extrahaustorial matrix. The matrix-fold ofCalyptospora goeppertiana was characteristically shaped.Pucciniastrum circaeae, P. epilobii, P. hikosanense, P. styracinum, Thekopsora galii, andNaohidemyces vaccinii showed typical haustorial necks which were not sheathed by a matrix-fold. Haustorial necks which were wrapped by a fold of the extrahaustorial matrix were designated velopedunculate, and those which were naked gymnopedunculate. The application of haustorial ultrastructure as a character for use in systematics is discussed.Part 112 of the series Studies in Heterobasidiomycetes.     

过氧化心肌线粒体产生的脂类自由基及（－）－EGCG的抑制作用

本文利用ＥＳＲ技术研究了心肌线粒体酶修饰下的脂质过氧化和脂类自由基,以及（－）－ＥＧＣＧ的抑制作用。结果表明：４－ＰＯＢＮ能捕集ｌｉｐｏｘｙｇｅｎｇｓｅ诱发心肌线粒体产生的自由基,得到６条线谱的脂类自由基和４条线谱捕集物,（－）－ＥＧＣＧ对该体系中使用的１ｉｐｏｘｙｅｎａｓｅ活性无影响,对所产生的自由基有明显的清除作用,并呈量效关系。对脂质过氧化的抑制作用,在本试验浓度范围内随浓度增加变化不大,最大抑制率约２０％。     

Plasmid transfer to indigenous marine bacterial populations by natural transformation

Abstract Horizontal gene transfer among microbial populations has been assumed to occur in the environment, yet direct observations of this phenomenon are rare or limited to observations where the mechanism(s) could not be explicitly determined. Here we demonstrate the transfer of exogenous plasmid DNA to members of indigenous marine bacterial populations by natural transformation, the first report of this process for any natural microbial community. Ten percent of marine bacterial isolates examined were transformed by plasmid DNA while 14% were transformed by chromosomal DNA. Transformation of mixed marine microbial assemblages was observed in 5 of 14 experiments. In every case, acquisition of the plasmid by members of the indigenous flora was accompanied by modification (probably from genetic rearrangement or methylation) that altered its restriction enzyme digestion pattern. Estimation of transformation rates in estuarine environments based upon the distribution of competency and transformation frequencies in isolates and mixed populations ranged from 5 × 10⁻⁴ to 1.5 transformants/1 day. Extrapolation of these rates to ecosystem scales suggests that natural transformation may be an important mechanism for plasmid transfer among marine bacterial communities.     

The extracellular nuclease of Serratia marcescens: studies on the activity in vitro and effect on transforming DNA in a groundwater aquifer microcosm

A quantitative endonuclease assay, which relies on the introduction of single and double strand breaks into supercoiled plasmid DNA, was used to study the activity of the extracellular nuclease of Serratia marcescens SM6 in buffer and in groundwater. The parallel enzyme concentration-dependent production of relaxed and linear plasmid molecules suggests that the nuclease produces single and double strand breaks in duplex DNA. Bovine serum albumin stimulated the nuclease activity towards DNA and RNA and increased the stability of the enzyme against thermal inactivation. The DNase activity at 4 °C and 50 °C was almost half of that at the optimum temperature (37 °C). The nuclease was active in groundwater, although the specific activity was lower than in buffer. In a groundwater aquifer microcosm, mineral-adsorbed transforming DNA was substantially less accessible to the nuclease than was dissolved DNA. The data suggest that the extracellular nuclease of Serratia marcescens may contribute to DNA turnover in the environment and that adsorption of DNA to minerals provides protection against the nuclease.Abbreviations GW groundwater GWA groundwater aquifer     

A clarification of two congeners,Pseudodiaptomus lobipes and P. binghami (Calanoida,Pseudodiaptomidae) from India,with description of P. mixtus sp.n. from Bangladesh

Two closely related and often confused species of Pseudodiaptomus from the Lobus-species group, P. lobipes and P. binghami are redescribed from various locations along the east coast of India. These species predominately occur in freshwater though they can survive temporary periods of increased salinity. The distinctive features of the species are found on: female caudal ramal setae, female and male urosome 1–2 spinulation patterns, and fifth legs. A new species P. mixtus from Bangladesh is described.     

The systematics and ecology of snakeheads (Pisces: Channidae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore

Seven species of snakeheads (Channidae) are known from Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore, viz. Channa bankanensis, C. gachua, C. lucius, C. marulioides, C. melasoma, C. micropeltes and C. striata. Up-to-date distribution maps of each species are presented, including new records. Their systematics is reviewed and partially revised. The taxonomic status of C. marulioides and C. melanoptera is clarified. Specimens from Peninsular Malaysia identified as C. melanoptera sensu Weber & de Beaufort, 1922, proved to be the adult form of C. marulioides s.str. The real C. melanoptera appears to be restricted to Borneo and possibly Sumatra. The life history of a blackwater species C. bankanensis is also documented, with regards to the morphological and colour-pattern changes associated with growth. An updated key to the seven species based on morphometric measurements and meristic counts is presented.     

Cladistics and the comparative morphology of linyphiid spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Linyphiidae)

This paper provides the first quantitative cladistic analysis of linyphiid morphology. Classical and novel homology hypotheses for a variety of character systems (male and female genitalia, somatic morphology, spinneret silk spigot morphology, etc.) are critically examined and studied within a phylogenetic context. Critical characters have been illustrated. A sample of linyphiid taxa (nine genera in four subfamilies), five species of Pimoa (Pimoidae), and two other araneoid families (Tetragnathidae and Araneidae, represented by Tetragnatha and Zygiella , respectively) were used to study the implications of the phylogeny of Pimoidae for the systematics of linyphiids. The phylogenetic relationships of these 16 exemplar taxa, as coded for the 47 characters studied, were analysed using numerical cladistic methods. In the preferred cladogram Pimoidae and Linyphiidae are sister groups, Stemonyphantinae are sister group to the remaining linyphiids, and Mynogleninae are sister group to the clade composed of Erigoninae plus Linyphiinae. These results agree with the relationships recently proposed by Wunderlich, except by finding erigonines as the sister group to linyphiines rather than to mynoglenines.     

酶电泳资料和系统与进化植物学研究综述

酶电泳资料和系统与进化植物学研究综述葛颂（中国科学院植物研究所系统与进化植物学开放研究实验室北京１０００９３）关键词同工酶,电泳,植物系统学,进化ＥＬＥＣＴＲＯＰＨＯＲＥＴＩＣＤＡＴＡＡＮＤＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＯＦＰＬＡＮＴＳＹＳＴＥＭＡＴＩＣＳＡＮＤＥＶ...     

水稻自然生长趋势的数学模型和动态分析

本研究以随机过程理论为基础,应用数理方法,在分期播种的基础上,提出了一个受遗传特性控制的水稻各生物学参量自然生长趋势的数学模型。并进行了重复验证,得到了不同生育时段各生物学参量的生长速度（一阶导数）和生长速度的变化率（二阶导数）,揭示了水稻生长的基本规律。并结合实测资料,通过相关分析,得到影响各生物学参量的关键气象因子,将水稻生长的研究建立在定量的基础上,有利于更加合理地采用各项高产栽培和农田管理措施。