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51.
Orazio Cantoni Giorgio Brandi Amedeo Albano Flaminio Cattabeni 《Free radical research》1995,22(3):275-283
Cystine markedly enhanced the cytotoxic response of Escherichia coli cells to concentrations of hydrogen peroxide resulting in mode one killing, but displayed little effect in mode two killed cells. The effect of cystine was concentration-dependent over a range of 5-50 μM and did not further increase at higher levels. Cystine had similar effects in other bacterial systems.
In order to sensitize the cells to the oxidative injury, the amino acid must be present during exposure to the oxidant since no enhancement of the cytotoxic response can be observed in cystine pre-loaded cells. In addition, no further enhancement of cytotoxicity could be detected when cystine was added before and left during challenge with the oxidant. The enhancing effect of cystine on oxidative injury of E. coli cells appears to be directly mediated by the amino acid and in fact cysteic acid, the most likely oxidation product, had no effect on the killing of bacterial cells elicited by hydrogen peroxide. Other disulfide compounds such as oxidized glutathione, cystamine and dithionitrobenzoic acid only slightly increased the susceptibility of bacteria to the oxidant. The effect of the disulfides was not concentration-dependent over a range of 200-800 μM and was statistically significant only for cystamine.
Taken together, these results indicate that cystine markedly increases the cytotoxic response of bacteria to hydrogen peroxide and suggest that the amino acid might impair the cellular defence machinery against hydrogen peroxide. This effect may involve a thiol-disulfide exchange reaction at the cell membrane level. 相似文献
In order to sensitize the cells to the oxidative injury, the amino acid must be present during exposure to the oxidant since no enhancement of the cytotoxic response can be observed in cystine pre-loaded cells. In addition, no further enhancement of cytotoxicity could be detected when cystine was added before and left during challenge with the oxidant. The enhancing effect of cystine on oxidative injury of E. coli cells appears to be directly mediated by the amino acid and in fact cysteic acid, the most likely oxidation product, had no effect on the killing of bacterial cells elicited by hydrogen peroxide. Other disulfide compounds such as oxidized glutathione, cystamine and dithionitrobenzoic acid only slightly increased the susceptibility of bacteria to the oxidant. The effect of the disulfides was not concentration-dependent over a range of 200-800 μM and was statistically significant only for cystamine.
Taken together, these results indicate that cystine markedly increases the cytotoxic response of bacteria to hydrogen peroxide and suggest that the amino acid might impair the cellular defence machinery against hydrogen peroxide. This effect may involve a thiol-disulfide exchange reaction at the cell membrane level. 相似文献
52.
There has been much speculation that the evolutionary precursors of vertebrate lymphocytes may exist in the ascidians (proto chordates), but conclusive evidence has remained elusive especially as membrane bound immunoglobulin has not been detected in any invertebrate. This paper reviews new evidence which indicates that the ‘lymphocyte-like’ cells in ascidians have functional, as well as morphological, similarities with vertebrate lymphocytes. Firstly, these cells have been linked with in vivo non-self recognition events such as allograft rejection in solitary ascidians and non-fusion reactions between colonial ascidians. Secondly, they have been shown to be cytotoxic towards xenogenic targets in vitro and to use cytolytic mechanisms similar to those of cytotoxic T-cells. Thirdly, they are able to proliferate in vitro in response to mitogens or allogeneic cells. It is therefore suggested that, apart from immunoglobulin production and clonal selection, there is persuasive evidence that the ‘lymphocyte-like’ cells of ascidians constitute a primordial form of vertebrate lymphocyte. 相似文献
53.
Plasmid transfer to indigenous marine bacterial populations by natural transformation 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Abstract Horizontal gene transfer among microbial populations has been assumed to occur in the environment, yet direct observations of this phenomenon are rare or limited to observations where the mechanism(s) could not be explicitly determined. Here we demonstrate the transfer of exogenous plasmid DNA to members of indigenous marine bacterial populations by natural transformation, the first report of this process for any natural microbial community. Ten percent of marine bacterial isolates examined were transformed by plasmid DNA while 14% were transformed by chromosomal DNA. Transformation of mixed marine microbial assemblages was observed in 5 of 14 experiments. In every case, acquisition of the plasmid by members of the indigenous flora was accompanied by modification (probably from genetic rearrangement or methylation) that altered its restriction enzyme digestion pattern. Estimation of transformation rates in estuarine environments based upon the distribution of competency and transformation frequencies in isolates and mixed populations ranged from 5 × 10−4 to 1.5 transformants/1 day. Extrapolation of these rates to ecosystem scales suggests that natural transformation may be an important mechanism for plasmid transfer among marine bacterial communities. 相似文献
54.
Since the positive charge on the lysine residues plays an important role in the receptor recognition ability of oLH, the hormonotoxin has been synthesised with the use of 2-iminothiolane HC1 (2IT) and N-Succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)-propionate (SPDP). The oLH activated with 2IT (oLH-10) was then mixed with SPDP activated gelonin (gelonin-30) in order to obtain a oLH-S-S-gelonin hormonotoxin. The conjugation mixture containing hormonotoxin was purified by gel-filtration chromatography according to the molecular weight and a complete physico-chemical, immunochemical and biochemical analysis were performed. The linkage occured through the -NH2 groups of -subunit of oLH as judged from RP-HPLC analysis. A 11 (oLH:gelonin) molar ratio was obtained when determined with the use of several techniques. The hormonotoxins retained substantial receptor binding, steroidogenic activity and immunoreactivity. The competitive displacement analysis indicate that the binding occurs via the hormone part leaving the gelonin free which was probed with the gelonin antibodies. The presently described (C150A-02, C160A-02 and C170A-02) hormonotoxins exhibited higher receptor binding and toxicity to the target cells than the hormonotoxins prepared with the use of SPDP only. Therefore it is concluded that higher receptor binding and cytotoxicity may be due to the retention of positive charge on the lysine residues of oLH which was preserved during the conjugation process.Abbreviations BSA
Bovine Serum Albumin
- CMC
Carboxy methyl Cellulose
- DTT
Dithiothreitol
- DMEM
Dulbeco's Modified Eagle's Medium
- DTNB
Ellman's reagent [5,5-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)]
- EDTA
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- FPLC
Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography
- FCA
Freund's Complete Adjuvant
- FCS
Fetal Calf Serum
- Gelonin-30
Gelonin modified by SPDP
- GnRH
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
- Gelonin-SPDP
SPDP modified derivative of gelonin
- HEPES
(N-[2-hydroxyethyl] piperazine-N-[-2-ethanesulphonic acid])
- IFA
Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant
- 2IT
2-Iminothiolane
- IODOGEN
1,3,4,6-tetrachloro 3,6-diphenylglycouril
- oLH
Ovine Luteinizing Hormone
- oLH-SPDP
SPDP modified derivative of oLH
- oLH-10
oLH modified by 2IT
- oLH2IT
Molar ratio of oLH and 2IT
- PDP
2-Pyridyl-dithiopropionate
- PAP
Pokeweed Antiviral Protein
- RIP
Ribosome Inactivating Protein
- RP-HPLC
Reverse-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography
- RPMI
Roswell Park Memorial Institute
- RIA
Radioimmunoassay
- RRA
Radioreceptor Assay
- SPDP
N-Succinimidyl-3(2-pyridyldithio)propionate
- SDS-PAGE
Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
- TCA
Trichloroacetic acid
- TFA
Trifluroacetic acid 相似文献
55.
Ingrid Ahrenholtz Michael G. Lorenz Wilfried Wackernagel 《Archives of microbiology》1994,161(2):176-183
A quantitative endonuclease assay, which relies on the introduction of single and double strand breaks into supercoiled plasmid DNA, was used to study the activity of the extracellular nuclease of Serratia marcescens SM6 in buffer and in groundwater. The parallel enzyme concentration-dependent production of relaxed and linear plasmid molecules suggests that the nuclease produces single and double strand breaks in duplex DNA. Bovine serum albumin stimulated the nuclease activity towards DNA and RNA and increased the stability of the enzyme against thermal inactivation. The DNase activity at 4 °C and 50 °C was almost half of that at the optimum temperature (37 °C). The nuclease was active in groundwater, although the specific activity was lower than in buffer. In a groundwater aquifer microcosm, mineral-adsorbed transforming DNA was substantially less accessible to the nuclease than was dissolved DNA. The data suggest that the extracellular nuclease of Serratia marcescens may contribute to DNA turnover in the environment and that adsorption of DNA to minerals provides protection against the nuclease.Abbreviations GW groundwater
GWA groundwater aquifer 相似文献
56.
Sten Iwarson 《FEMS microbiology reviews》1994,14(3):201-204
Abstract: In 1988, investigators from the Chiron Company (USA) detected the non-A, non-B agent and named it hepatitis C virus (HCV). An anti-HCV antibody assay (ELISA) and subsequently confirmation tests (immunoblot and polymerase chain reaction) were developed. HCV exposure results in a chronic infection in a majority of cases. This chronic infection is associated with slowly progressive chronic liver disease. Chronic HCV infection is, like HBV, also associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Most HCV carriers are infected by parenteral routes. Intravenous drug users have the highest risk of becoming infected. Intrafamiliar spread is seen in certain parts of the world but sexual and perinatal transmission does not play an important role in spreading the infection. Antiviral therapy (alpha-interferon) in patients with chronic hepatitis C will normalize liver function tests in about 25% of the cases. 相似文献
57.
58.
本文给出天然林内红松种群年令更替数学模型(1)。通过对(1)进行定性分析,得到主要结论是:系统(1)在第一象限内存在唯一稳定周期解的充要条件是bk-bc-2d>0其生态意义是天然林内红松幼树与母树随时间变化会产生一个有规律、互为消涨的变化特征。 相似文献
59.
自然免耕下的稻田生态系统 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
自然免耕是一种新型的稻田耕作法,通过人为改变地表微地形,建立了一个适合水旱作物复种轮作,鱼、萍、鸭周年共生的稻田生态系统.自然免耕促进了土壤内、外环境的物质、能量和信息交换,水、热、气、肥谐调.并通过环境网络效应,强化了环境与生物区系间的缓冲-调节力.提高了土壤自调能力和土壤有序度. 相似文献
60.
促进兴安落叶松天然更新的出苗条件研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
根据40多块标准地调查,促进更新措施后兴安落叶松1年生幼苗出现的频度及数量与种子年关系很大,幼苗更新效果最好的是种子年当年,更新频度可达60%以上,幼苗平均为1.0—2.0×103株·ha-1,其他年份促进的效果较差.同时,也与迹地类型、种源状况和整地质量关系较大.一般在山坡中、下部,土壤湿润的杜香落叶松和藓类越桔落叶松林迹地促进效果较好,其更新频度为60—70%.绝大部分更新幼苗出现在表土裸露、无杂草灌木、土壤湿润的地方.更新频度与植被盖度呈明显的衰减指数相关.促进地块距下种林墙最好不超过60m范围. 相似文献