Parasites and showy males: malarial infection and color variation in fence lizards

Summary Hamilton and Zuk (1982) proposed that the quality of male showy traits reflects genetically-based resistance to parasites and can be used by females to select mates that are less prone to parasitic attack. The hypothesis requires that a particular state of a variable showy trait should be associated with parasite infection. We tested this idea with a population of western fence lizards, Sceloporus occidentalis, infected with the malarial parasite, Plasmodium mexicanum. Ventral color pattern is strongly dimorphic in fence lizards and varies greatly among males in this population. Malaria-infected males exhibited significantly more black and less pale on their ventral surface than did noninfected males of similar body size. This difference was not a function of differing ages of infected and noninfected animals of the same body size. However, logistic regression demonstrated that females using male ventral color as a gauge of infection status would only marginally improve their chance of choosing a noninfected lizard over random selection of mates.     

The Nostoc-Nephroma symbiosis: localization, distribution pattern and levels of key proteins involved in nitrogen and carbon metabolism of the cyanobiont

The qualitative distribution and quantitative estimates of nitrogenase (EC 1.7.99.2), glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2), phycoerythrin and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39) were studied in the cyanobacterium Nostoc residing in internal cephalodia of the tripartite lichen Nephroma arcticum L. Polyclonal antisera, raised in rabbit against the proteins, and goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated to 10 nm gold were used as probes to detect the antigens by transmission electron microscopy. Western blot analyses demonstrated the monospecificity of the antisera. Nitrogenase was localized in heterocysts, with vegetative cells showing a label intensity comparable to the background. Distribution of the antigen within the heterocysts was uniform. Glutamine synthetase labelling was very low, but appeared to be distributed in both cell types. An intense phycoerythrin labelling was associated with the thylakoid region of the vegetative cells, whereas a much lower labelling was observed in the heterocyst. No significant differences were found between cyanobionts in younger and older cephalodia except for the nitrogenase labelling, which was higher in heterocysts of the cyanobiont in younger cephalodia. Most of the ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) label was present in vegetative cells. The Rubisco label was pronounced in the carboxysomes, whereas the label in the cytoplasm, on a unit area basis, was much lower. Heterocysts showed a label intensity similar to that of the vegetative cell cytoplasm. In Nostoc of the bipartite lichen Peltigera canina L., the Rubisco protein showed a comparable distribution pattern, but the average number of carboxysomes per vegetative cell was about 4 times higher.     

Stimulating effects of foliar K-fertilizer applied at the appropriate stage of development of maize: A new way to increase yield and improve quality

A series of eight experiments was conducted using large pots to (1) find the most effective date, site, concentration of K-solution and K-salt for foliar K-fertilization of maize plants (Zea mays, L.) grown with sufficient K-supply in soil, (2) explain why maize responded to the K-treatment, and (3) examine the influence of various levels of N and P supplies on the effectiveness of K-fertilizer via the leaves. A single spraying on sweet maize and field maize on any day between 50% tasselling date to 10 days after tasselling shortened maturity date, increased grain yield, stover yield, grain-stover ratio, absorption of N, P, K, Ca and Mg, sweetness of young grain (of sweet maize), and crude protein content of grain. However spraying on the third day after 50% tasselling was most effective. The second application later than 7 days after the 50% tasselling date suppressed the effects of spraying on the most effective date. In application of many repetitive sprayings covering the most effective date, a spraying program with late spraying could reduce grain yield. KNO₃, 2.5% KNO₃-solution, and applications on all aerial parts were found to be the most effective. Increases in grain yield for spraying on all aerial parts, spraying on ear leaf only, spraying on all leaves above ear leaf and applying K to soil were 74%, 51%, 41% and 23%, respectively. The foliar K-fertilization affected maize by stimulating chlorophyll synthesis and not by increasing leaf area. A balance in N and K supplies was determined to be effective for the K-fertilization.     

Local and systemic changes in gene expression induced in tomato plants by wounding and by elicitor treatment

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Moneymaker) plants have been wounded to induce the accumulation of proteinase-inhibitor proteins (PI proteins) at the local site of injury and systemically in unwounded tissues. To determine the range of genes affected in the wound-response, polysomal mRNA has been isolated from the damaged leaves and from systemically responding leaves over a time-course of 2, 4, 10 and 24 h after wounding. Changes in the pattern of ³⁵S-translation products indicate that the events that occur at the local wound-site are different from those that occur systemically, both with respect to the number of genes that are regulated and the timing of their regulation. In order to compare the effects of wounding and an endogenous systemic signal generated at the wound-site with those of elicitor (proteinase-inhibitor-inducing factor, PIIF) treatment of excised plants, polysomal mRNA has also been isolated from leaves of plants over a time-course of 2, 4, 10 and 24 h after PIIF-treatment. Changes in the pattern of ³⁵S-translation products indicates that the events induced by PIIF resemble those induced by mechanical injury, rather than those induced by the endogenous systemic signal.Abbreviations IFF isoelectric focussing - PI proteins proteinase inhibitor proteins - PIIF proteinase-inhibitor-inducing factor - ssRubisco small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase     

Substrate specifity of the hexose carrier in the plasmalemma of Chenopodium suspension cells probed by transmembrane exchange diffusion

Substrate specifity of the proton-driven hexose cotransport carrier in the plasmalemma of photoautotrophic suspension cells of Chenopodium rubrum L. has been studies through the short-term perturbation of ¹⁴C-labelled efflux of 3-O-methyl-d-glucose. Efflux, occurring exclusively via carrier-mediated exchange diffusion, is trans-stimulated by the substrate and trans-inhibited by the glucose-transport inhibitors phlorizin (K _1/2=7.9 mM) and its aglucon phloretin (K _1/2=84 μM); with both inhibitors, 3-O-methyl-d-glucose efflux may be blocked completely. Trans-stimulation of efflux (up to fourfold) by a variety of the d-enantiomers of neutral hexoses, including glucose (K _1/2=48 μM), 3-O-methyl-d-glucose (K _1/2=139 μM), and fructose (K _1/2=730 μM), but not by, for instance, d-allose, and l-sorbose, shows that carrier-substrate interaction critically involves the axial position at C-1 and C-3, respectively. We suggest that substrate binding by the Chenopodium hexose carrier involves both hydrophobic interaction with the pyran-ring and hydrogen-ion bonding at C-1 and C-3 of the d-glucose conformation.     

Sulphate influx in wheat and barley roots becomes more sensitive to specific protein-binding reagents when plants are sulphate-deficient

When young wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants were deprived of an external sulphate supply (-S plants), the capacity of their roots to absorb sulphate, but not phosphate or potassium, increased rapidly (derepression) so that after 3–5 d it was more than tenfold that of sulphate-sufficient plants (+S plants). This increased capacity was lost rapidly (repression) over a 24-h period when the sulphate supply was restored. There was little effect on the uptake of L-methionine during de-repression of the sulphate-transport system, but S input from methionine during a 24-h pretreatment repressed sulphate influx in both+S and-S plants.Sulphate influx of both+S and-S plants was inhibited by pretreating roots for 1 h with 4,4-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2-disulphonic acid (DIDS) at concentrations > 0.1 mol · m^-3. This inhibition was substantially reversed by washing for 1 h in DIDS-free medium before measuring influx. Longer-term pretreatment of roots with 0.1 mol·m^-3 DIDS delayed de-repression of the sulphatetransport system in-S plants but had no influence on+S plants in 3 d.The sulphydryl-binding reagent, n-ethylmaleimide, was a very potent inhibitor of sulphate influx in-S roots, but was much less inhibitory in +S roots. Its effects were essentially irreversible and were proportionately the same at all sulphate concentrations within the range of operation of the high-affinity sulphate-transport system. Inhibition of influx was 85–96% by 300 s pretreatment by 0.3 mol·m^-3 n-ethylmaleimide. No protection of the transport system could be observed by including up to 50 mol·m^-3 sulphate in the n-ethylmaleimide pre-treatment solution. A similar differential sensitivity of-S and+S plants was seen with p-chloromercuriphenyl sulphonic acid.The arginyl-binding reagent, phenylglyoxal, supplied to roots at 0.25 or 1 mol·m^-3 strongly inhibited influx in-S wheat plants (by up to 95%) but reduced influx by only one-half in+S plants. The inhibition of sulphate influx in-S plants was much greater than that of phosphate influx and could not be prevented by relatively high (100 mol·m^-3 sulphate concentrations accompanying phenylglyoxal treatment. Effects of phenylglyoxal pretreatment were unchanged for at least 30 min after its removal from the solution but thereafter the capacity for sulphate influx was restored. The amount of new carrier appearing in-S roots was far greater than in+S roots over a 24-h period.The results indicate that, in the de-repressed state, the sulphate transporter is more sensitive to reagents binding sulphydryl and arginyl residues. This suggests a number of strategies for identifying the proteins involved in sulphate transport.Abbreviations DIDS 4,4-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2-disulphonic acid - NEM n-ethylmaleimide - PCMBS p-chloromercuriphenyl sulphonic acid     

Nitrite reduction and carbohydrate metabolism in plastids purified from roots of Pisum sativum L.

Nitrate reduction in roots and shoots and exchange of reduced N between organs were quantitatively estimated in intact 13-d-old seedlings of two-row barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Daisengold) using the ¹⁵N-incorporation model (A. Gojon et al. (1986) Plant Physiol. 82, 254–260), except that NH ₊ ⁴ was replaced by NO _- ² . N-depleted seedlings were exposed to media containing both nitrate (1.8 mM) and nitrite (0.2 mM) under a light-dark cycle of 12:12 h at 20°C; the media contained different amounts of ¹⁵N labeling. Experiments were started either immediately after the beginning (expt. 1) or immediately prior to the end (expt. 2) of the light period, and plants were sampled subsequently at each light-dark transition throughout 36 h. The plants effectively utilized ¹⁵NO _- ³ and accumulated it as reduced ¹⁵N, predominantly in the shoots. Accumulation of reduced ¹⁵N in both experiments was nearly the same at the end of the experiment but the accumulation pattern in roots and shoots during each 12-h period differed greatly depending on time and the light conditions. In expt. 1, the roots accounted for 31% (light), 58% (dark), and 9% (light) of nitrate reduction by the whole plants, while in expt. 2 the contributions of the root were 82% (dark), 20% (light), and 29% (dark), during each of the three 12-h periods. Xylem transport of nitrate drastically decreased in the dark, but that of reduced N rather increased. The downward translocation of reduced ¹⁵N increased while nitrate reduction in the root decreased, whereas upward translocation decreased while nitrate reduction in the shoot increased. We conclude that the cycling of reduced N through the plant is important for N feeding of each organ, and that the transport system of reduced N by way of xylem and phloem, as well as nitrate reduction by root and shoot, can be modulated in response to the relative magnitude of reduced-N demands by the root and shoot, with the one or the other predominating under different circumstances.Symbols Anl accumulation of reduced ¹⁵N from ¹⁵NO _- ³ in ¹⁴NO _- ³ -fed roots of divided root system - Ar accumulation in root of reduced ¹⁵N from ¹⁵NO _- ³ - As accumulation in shoot of reduced ¹⁵N from ¹⁵NO _- ³ - Rr ¹⁵NO _- ³ reduction in root - Rs ¹⁵NO _- ³ reduction in shoot - Tp translocation to root of shoot-reduced ¹⁵N from ¹⁵NO _- ³ in phloem - Tx translocation to shoot of root-reduced ¹⁵N from ¹⁵NO _- ³ in xylem