Characterization of the proteases involved in the N-terminal clipping of glucagon-like-peptide-1-antibody fusion proteins

In an attempt to develop high producing mammalian cell lines expressing glucagon-like-peptide-1-antibody fusion proteins (GLP-1), we have noted that the N-terminal GLP-1 portion of the fusion protein was susceptible to proteolytic degradation during cell culture, which resulted in an inactive product. The majority of the N-terminal clipped product appeared to be due to the removal of the entire biologically active peptide (30 amino acids) from the intact molecule. A number of parameters that influenced the degradative process were investigated. Additionally, protease inhibitors specific for each class of protease were tested. Results suggested that one or more serine-threonine class of protease(s) were involved in this process and inhibitors that are specific for this class of protease, including benzamidine hydrochloride could significantly inhibit the proteolytic degradation of the fusion proteins. Identification of the specific proteases involved in this process by shotgun proteomics methodology will pave the way for engineering the CHOK1SV cell line which will serve as a superior host for the production of future fusion protein products.     

天然产物的糖基化及糖基侧链改造

抗生素和抗癌药物等多种天然产物的活性都依赖于其糖基侧链,糖基侧链结构的变化对母体化合物的生物活性、底物适应性及药理学性质具有重要影响。糖基侧链结构变化多端,修饰、改变天然产物的糖基侧链已成为获得临床候选药物的重要方法。利用化学法和酶法,研究者创造了多种改造天然产物糖基化的方法。详细介绍了天然产物的糖基化过程,并从组合生物学、糖基转移酶改造、糖类随机化及新型糖类随机化和糖基转移酶可逆性四方面阐述了糖基侧链的改造方法。     

Opsin3糖基化位点的鉴定及糖基化修饰功能北大核心CSCD

为鉴定Opsin3(OPN3)的糖基化位点,通过使用衣霉素(tunicamycin)以及N-糖酰胺酶F(PNGase F)处理发现OPN3存在糖基化修饰;通过预测以及蛋白质氨基酸位点点突变鉴定OPN3的糖基化位点;利用SNAP标签蛋白构建了SNAP-Opsin3(SNAP-OPN3)重组蛋白,使用SNAP-OPN3重组蛋白进行糖基化修饰对OPN3功能影响的研究。在表达SNAP-OPN3重组蛋白后,使用SNAP-tag的反应底物SNAP-Surface;549以及SNAP-Cell;OregonGreen;通过荧光共聚焦显微镜观察OPN3以及OPN3糖基化位点突变体是否能够成熟转运至细胞膜。结果表明,OPN3的N82位点为OPN3的糖基化位点;SNAP标签不影响OPN3功能的正常发挥;使用SNAP反应底物可以清楚地观察到糖基化位点突变的OPN3不能正常转运至细胞膜。本研究首次鉴定了OPN3的糖基化位点,并构建了SNAP-OPN3重组蛋白,发现SNAP标签并不影响OPN3的成熟转运,并利用SNAP底物验证了糖基化修饰影响OPN3蛋白的成熟转运。     

糖基化与免疫

蛋白质糖基化或聚糖影响免疫细胞和免疫分子的结构与功能,影响机体对抗原的应答反应。聚糖主要有三种免疫功能：首先,糖链对其所连接的糖蛋白起一定稳定作用,保护糖蛋白免受蛋白酶的降解、以及MHC：多肽复合体的装配及折叠等;其二,聚糖及其凝集素受体的相互作用在信号转导、抗原提呈、控制细胞发育与分化中起调控作用;第三,糖链的一些区域可作为抗原识别表位,调控固有免疫和适应性免疫应答。主要介绍了聚糖在抗原提呈和稳定、信号转导、免疫白稳、自身免疫、固有免疫和适应性免疫、等中的功能,以及与免疫相关疾病,如炎症反应、自身免疫性疾病、肿瘤、器官移植排斥、感染性疾病和遗传性疾病的相关性。此外,针对聚糖和糖基转移酶的一些药物分子的治疗应用前景也将一并进行介绍。     

Effect of α(2–6)-linked sialic acid and α(1–3)-linked fucose on the interaction ofN-linked glycopeptides and related oligosaccharides with immobilizedPhaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinating lectin (L-PHA)

The effects of branching and substitution of branches by sialic acid and fucose on the interaction ofN-linked glycopeptides and related oligosaccharides with immobilizedPhaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinating lectin (L-PHA) were examined. Asialo bi-, tri-and tetra-antennary glycans were all retarded but to different extents on a long column of L-PHA-agarose. Asialo tri- and tetra-antennary glycans containing the pentasaccharide unit Gal1-4GlcNAc1-2[Gal1-4GlcNAc1-6]Man were strongly retarded, whereas asialo bi- and tri-antennary glycans lacking the Gal1-4GlcNAc1-6 branch were only weakly retarded. In all instances the interaction with the lectin was completely abolished when either (2–6)-linkedN-acetylneuraminic acid or (1–3)-linked fucose was present at the galactose orN-acetylglucosamine residue of the Gal1-4GlcNAc1-6Man1-6 branch, respectively. The same substitutions on the Gal1-4GlcNAc1-6Man1-6 branch decreased but did not abolish the affinity of the lectin for the glycans. The presence of NeuAc2-6 and Fuc1-3 on the other two branches did not interfere with the binding of the glycans to L-PHA. Furthermore, it appeared that the presence of the Man1-4GlcNAc unit is requried for interaction with the lectin. In order to obtain reliable information on the relative occurrence of tri- and tetra-antennary glycopeptides, this study shows that it is essential to desialylate and to defucosylate the glycans prior to application to L-PHA-agarose.Abbreviations L-PHA leukoagglutinating phytohemagglutinin - CMP-NeuAc cytidine-5-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid - GP glycopeptide - OS oligosaccharide - HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography - FNR fraction not retarded - FR fraction retarded suffixes MS, BS and TS indicate mono-, bi- and trisialyl derivatives respectively; suffix MF indicates monofucosyl derivatives.structures of the substratesOS2, OS3, OS3, OS4, GP2, GP3, GP4, GP4-MF, OS2(3) andOS2(-) are presented in Fig. 2     

原核生物糖基化修饰系统及其应用前景

传统认为只有真核生物才有蛋白质糖基化修饰现象,虽然在原核生物细胞中发现糖蛋白的存在已经有数十年,但是没有引起我们足够的重视。最近,在细菌中发现了蛋白质的糖基化修饰系统,最具代表性的是空肠弯曲弧菌的N-糖基化修饰系统、脑膜炎奈瑟球菌和绿脓杆菌的O-糖基化修饰系统。这些糖基化修饰系统已成功地转移到大肠杆菌中,并且独立发挥其糖基化修饰作用。寡糖转移酶在修饰过程中起关键作用,且寡糖转移酶对糖底物的特异性要求非常低,这使得按照我们的需求来"定制糖蛋白"成为可能,并标志着"原核生物糖基工程"的到来,这将为糖结合疫苗的发展提供良好的契机。     

α-抗肌萎缩相关糖蛋白病研究进展

抗肌萎缩相关糖蛋白病(α-dystroglycanopathy,α-DGP)是由于α-抗肌萎缩相关糖蛋白(α-dystroglycan,α-DG)的O-连接糖基化缺陷导致的一组常染色体隐性遗传病,临床表现为肌营养不良、脑和眼发育畸形,具有明显的临床和遗传异质性。基于临床诊断现多把它们分为7种不同表型,但互相之间有交叉重叠,病情轻重程度不等,严重影响患者的智力运动发育。目前已知α-DGP致病基因有19个,应用常规一代测序逐个筛查候选基因花费高且耗时长,阳性率很低,不能满足临床上基因诊断需求。目前已知多数致病基因的表达产物作为糖基转移酶参与α-DG的糖基化过程,但部分致病基因的功能目前仍未完全明确,α-DGP具体的发病机制仍未完全阐明。本综述主要总结α-DGP在临床特点、致病基因、α-DG糖链结构、发病机制及诊断治疗等方面的研究进展。     

糖基化与HCVE2诱导的体液免疫应答相关性的研究

检测丙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis C Virus,HCV)包膜蛋白E2糖基化位点对体液免疫功能的影响。野生型E2基因和糖基化突变体型E2基因的真核表达质粒DNA分别肌肉注射BALB/C小鼠,免疫3次,末次免疫后第10 d,眼眶摘眼球取血清,断椎处死小鼠,同时设阴性对照和空载质粒对照。血清标本用ELISA检测特异性IgG及其亚类IgG1I、gG2α表达水平,观测特异性体液免疫反应和脾细胞分泌细胞因子水平。与阴性对照和空载组对比,E2和N-糖基化突变体质粒DNA免疫小鼠都能诱导产生强烈的特异性免疫反应(P<0.01),并且N-糖基化突变体(560、576位糖基化突变体)质粒DNA与野生型E2相比,其特异性IgG效价明显降低(P<0.05),IL-4分泌水平明显降低(P<0.05)。E2糖蛋白的560、576位N-糖基化位点是诱导体液免疫反应所需要的,除去560、576位N-糖基化会降低E2诱导的体液免疫应答。     

B结构域糖基化位点对凝血因子Ⅷ分泌和活性的影响

目的:研究B结构域糖基化位点对凝血因子Ⅷ分泌和活性的影响。方法:通过反向PCR技术在凝血因子ⅧA2和A3结构域之间插入B结构域的糖基化序列,PCR后进行重组连接、质粒转化、克隆筛选、质粒抽提等步骤,构建重组人凝血因子Ⅷ载体,然后再通过活性检测试剂盒检测胞外分泌因子Ⅷ活性,用ELISA(双抗体夹心法)检测胞外分泌因子Ⅷ总表达,用Western印迹检测重组因子Ⅷ在胞内的总表达。结果:B结构域糖基化点的增加使得因子Ⅷ的胞外相对活性最高提高了1倍。结论:糖基化位点的加入可以增强因子Ⅷ的胞外活性,如果适当增加糖基化位点的长度和数量(单个糖基化位点重复出现或多个糖基化位点连接),可以进一步提高因子Ⅷ的胞外表达和活性。     

平分型GlcNAc糖基化修饰的生物学功能

平分型GlcNAc（bisecting N—acetylglucosamine）修饰是糖蛋白N-聚糖核心的常见分支修饰形式,哺乳类动物该糖基化修饰由β1,4-N-乙酰葡糖氨基转移酶Ⅲ催化。该修饰对分子结合、信号传导、生殖发育以及肿瘤细胞的生物学行为都有重要影响。相应地,针对平分型GlcNAc修饰N-聚糖的检测也正逐步成为糖生物学领域内的研究热点之一。