马桑内酯对粘虫幼虫体内3种酶活性的影响

采用3种马桑内酯——羟基马桑毒素、马桑亭和马桑宁饲喂和注射粘虫幼虫,测定和分析了虫体组织中乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性变化.结果表明,3种马桑内酯对试虫体内乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响存在差异,在4~48 h大多时间段具有激活特性;而谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的活性或被激活或被抑制,饲喂用药后4~8 h中肠组织中酶被激活,12 h酶活性被抑制,整个过程呈现S型;多酚氧化酶活性受3种毒素的影响不明显.     

环境照度和温度对两种夜蛾复眼适应转化的影响

粘虫蛾复眼经过六种不同照度(0.5、1.5、6.0、13、29、50勒克司)的适应所测得的各反光区指数表明,当环境的照度增加时,大多数蛾眼受到光的影响而反光区的面积明显变小。在29勒克司的照度环境时,则大部分因受到光的抑制而不出现反光区。当低于29勒克司时,复眼的适应状态就参差不齐,这可能反映了粘虫蛾的复眼并不是都具备同等适应的能力。在50勒克司的照度下,蛾眼全都被抑制而停留在昼眼状态。 棉铃虫蛾复眼在七种温度(1、5、8、9、10、15、25℃)下经过完全暗适应的处理后表明,随着温度的提高,蛾眼的平均反光区面积也相应增大。低于8℃以下的温度时,对蛾眼转化有明显差异,在8℃的温度下暗适应1.5小时后,大多数的蛾眼正处在转化或未转化的状态,因此可以认为,在8℃时棉铃虫蛾复眼的视觉灵敏度不是很高的。同样大小的反光区面积,当温度低时通过蛾眼底片的相对透射光量就大,温度高时通过的相对透射光量就较少。     

早熟素Ⅱ处理粘虫蛾对两性吸引的影响

本文首次报道早熟素Ⅱ对鳞翅目重要害虫粘虫Mythimna separata Walker的作用。试验证明羽化24小时以内未交配的粘虫蛾(雌雄比为1:1)与10微克/平方厘米的早熟素接触24小时后即明显地降低两性吸引的能力;雌雄比为2:1时,处理组的交配率比对照组降低60—70%。不同的配对(正常雄×正常雌、正常雄×处理雌、正常雌×处理雄、处理雌×处理雄)证明早熟素Ⅱ对雄、雌蛾均有影响,但对雄蛾的影响更大。已知昆虫咽侧体(CA)分泌的保幼激素(JH)对某些昆虫成虫的两性吸引有调控作用(Barth,1961;1962),本文对此进行了探讨,对早熟素处理后的雌、雄蛾咽侧体逐日进行了测量,它们都比对照小,雄蛾差异更大。雄蛾CA的组织切片也表现出明显的异常:细胞核变形,染色体颗粒凝聚、出现大量空斑,腺体腔内分泌物较少等。同位素标记甲硫氨酸测定离体CA合成JH的结果表明:早熟素处理的雄蛾CA合成JH能力下降,在正常情况下出现高峰的第四天左右差异更为明显,雌蛾也有降低的趋势。     

拟除虫菊酯的杀虫活性和温度的关系

除了戊酸醚酯对苜蓿蚜呈弱的正温度系数外,杀灭菊酯、二氯苯醚菊酯、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氟氰菊酯及百树菊酯,都呈负温度系数。杀灭菊酯、戊酸醚酯、二氯苯醚菊酯、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氟氰菊酯,对梨网蝽全部呈正温度系数。氯氰菊酯对粘虫呈负温度系数,杀灭菊酯、戊酸醚酯、二氯苯醚菊酯和溴氰菊酯都呈正温度系数。杀灭菊酯和溴氰菊酯对粘虫卵也呈正温度系数。杀灭菊酯对小菜蛾的杀虫活性,受温度的影响不明显,而戊酸醚酯则呈负温度系数。杀灭菊酯和戊酸醚酯对蚊幼呈正温度系数,而二氯苯醚菊酯则呈负温度系数。     

新线虫与粘虫相互关系的研究

本文给出了一个简单的描述新线虫(Neoaplectana feltiae)和粘虫(Mythimna separata)相互关系的模型.在实验室的不同条件下作了一系列的感染试验.结果表明影响感染率的因子是温度、线虫的密度、接触时间(即维持湿度和水膜的时间)和粘虫的龄期.通过非线性逐步回归和麦夸脱方法分别构造了描述这些因子的数学模型.在河南驻马店作了不同剂量的田间感染试验.结果表明该线虫作为一种生物防治剂具有一定的潜在作用.本文所获得的模型是用实验室的资料构造的,用田间试验结果检验,较成功地模拟了发生在田间自然条件下的感染过程.它告诉我们怎样由实验室到田间通过模拟模型在计算机上的运转来模拟一个动态过程,也揭示了在实验室和田间其感染的机制是内在相关的.     

MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD APPROACH TO CLUSTERING

在各种各样应用研究的模型中,经常会遇到所研究的总体是由两个或多个具不同性质的亚总体混合而成的。因此混合分布,特别是混合正态分布可以广泛应用于这些模型。混向总体的分解问题是相当重要和有用的。对于当观测资料不知属于两个可能的总体的哪一个时的分类问题,本文研究了通常使用的基于极大似然估计的两种聚类方法。文中给出了基于在混合抽样和分离抽样这两种不同的抽并方式下的模拟结果对比,并阐述了这两种方法的基本假设及其有关性质。文中使用了基于抗血友病因子(AHF)话性和似抗血友病(AHF-like)抗原为变量以判别妇女是正常还是血友病 A 基因携带者的实际资料,分帮了这两种方法的基本区别。     

Effect of temperature and photoperiod on the calling behaviour of a migratory insect, the oriental armyworm Mythimna separata

Abstract The pre-calling period (PCP), between emergence and first release of pheromone, determines the number of nights over which female Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) can express their migratory potential. In its seasonal migrations in eastern Asia, this armyworm penetrates to latitudes at which it is unable to over-winter but at which reliable photoperiodic and temperature cues anticipate the deterioration of conditions. The effect of these environmental factors on PCP was examined in moths descended from samples collected in Nanjing (32^oN) during the summer migration. Under LD 14:10h, a reduction in temperature, from 23^oC during larval development to 18^oC from 24 h after pupation, resulted in a twofold increase in PCP compared with insects held at 23^oC. At 23^oC, short days (LD 12:12 h) extended PCP but the magnitude of the response was increased under a regime of decreasing photoperiod, from LD 15:9h, to LD 12:12 h through larval, pupal and adult development. Further experiments demonstrated that the response depended on a decrease in photoperiod from pre-pupal stage to adult emergence (the pupal period is spent below ground). A reduction of 50–60min over the 13–15 day pupal period at 23^oC was effective. The significance of decreasing photoperiods, irrespective of absolute levels, as a cue for species whose migrations traverse substantial ranges of latitude is considered and the results are discussed in relation to the genetic determination of PCP in M.separata and to its seasonal migrations in eastern China.     

不同地区粘虫群体的同工酶变异

本文用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定了粘虫(Mythirana separata)五个地区群体(福建、贵州、安微、北京和吉林)的同工酶变异.分析10种同工酶(ADH,AO,GOT,α-GPDH,HK,LAP,LDH,MDH,ME和TYR)的14个座位,其中单型座位有8个,多型座位有6个,后者占42.9%.五个地区群体的平均杂合度为0.138.根据14个基因座位的等位基因频率计算出的五个地区群体间的平均遗传相似度为0.978,平均遗传距离为0.023,表明这五个地区群体的基因结构基本相似,遗传分化程度很小.可以认为,在这五个地区群体之间不存在基因流动的障碍.这从遗传和变异的角度证明了粘虫的远距离迁飞特性,迁飞阻止了不同地区群体的遗传分化.     

Radar observations of the spring migration into northeastern China of the oriental armyworm moth, Mythimna separata, and other insects

Abstract. 1. The spring migration of the oriental armyworm moth, Mythimna separata (Walker), and other insects into northeastern China was observed by radar at a site in central Jilin province. Samples of the migrants were obtained in a net flown from a kite, and M.separata populations in the surrounding region were monitored with a trap network. 2. The radar regularly detected echoes which were of the type characteristic of large insects, and three out of four large insects in the aerial samples were noctuid moths, including one M.separata. Catches of armyworm moths in the regional trap network peaked during the period of radar observations. 3. Migration occurred at night. It commenced with a take-off flight at dusk and generally continued until dawn, with numbers often being highest around midnight. Most migration took place at altitudes below 500 m, with strong layer concentrations forming at 200–400 m during the middle part of some nights. 4. Migration was approximately downwind. The net movement was overwhelmingly to the northeast because southwesterly winds occurred most frequently and were relatively strong, and because migration was more intense and prolonged on these winds. Orientation tended to be to the left of the downwind direction, and was most often to the north or northeast. 5. Migration into northeastern China was accomplished in a series of night-time movements of 100–300 km rather than by a single non-stop flight. 6. The net movement of insects towards the northeast was sufficient to produce the observed regional infestation of M.separata moths. Oviposition by immigrant armyworm moths in vulnerable crops would have been at a level where economically significant damage would be expected from the resulting larval population. 7. Analogous springtime migrations of noctuids leading to temporary colonizations of habitats at higher latitudes occur in other continents. Such colonizations may be unproductive if, as appears possibly the case for northeastern China, prevailing winds later in the season are generally unfavourable for a return migration towards overwintering areas at lower latitudes.     

人工饲料饲养的粘虫对杀虫剂的敏感性

本文介绍了粘虫Mythimna separata的一种新人工饲料,并比较了用其饲养的粘虫和用玉米叶饲养的粘虫对杀虫剂的敏感性及对乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制作用.结果表明,两种饲料饲养的粘虫对大多数杀虫剂的敏感性及胆碱酯酶的抑制作用没有明显区别.