香鼬的栖息地选择、觅食和育幼行为

香鼬（Ｍｕｓｔｅｌａａｌｔａｉｃａ）喜栖于人类居住区附近的高寒草甸草场,主要以高原鼠兔（Ｏｃｈｏｔｏｎａｃｕｒｚｏｎｉａｅ）为食,其数量分布与高原鼠兔的密度分布成正相关。在高原鼠兔的繁殖盛期,香鼬主要捕食鼠兔幼体,每只成体平均每天捕获鼠兔６．２只,相当于每１００克体重日获取食物重量２７３．５克,在高原鼠兔的繁殖后期和非繁殖期,每只成体平均每天捕获鼠兔２．７５只,相当于每１００克体重日获取食物重量２９６．３克。繁殖期育幼任务全部由雌性成鼬承担,幼鼬从７月初开始地面活动,８月初开始扩散。     

Short pulse of 1080 improves the survival of brown kiwi chicks in an area subjected to long-term stoat trapping

Many mainland populations of kiwi are declining because stoats (Mustela erminea) kill most of their chicks. Stoats are often trapped during conservation programmes, but the long-term effectiveness of trapping has not been measured. During continuous trapping of mammalian predators in the 9800?ha Whangarei Kiwi Sanctuary, the survival of brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) chicks declined over time. Following the use of sodium fluoroacetate (1080) to kill rats (Rattus spp.) and possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) and likely secondary poisoning of stoats, chick survival at Riponui increased from 5% to 56%, and the 62% chick survival at Rarewarewa was better than the 20% recorded in a trapped-only area nearby. We suggest that untrappable stoats accumulate in areas subjected to continuous predator trapping. Conservation managers should build into their long-term pest control programmes a periodic pulse of an alternative tool to kill pests that, for whatever reason, actively avoid the primary control tool.     

藏狐、虎鼬、艾鼬的核型分析

本文报道了产于新疆的3种食肉目动物的染色体组型。藏狐(♀)2n=36,全部为双臂染色体。虎鼬(♂)2n=38,由33条双臂染色体,5条单臂染色体组成;在第1-3对染色体的长臂上恒定地出现次缢痕。艾鼬(♂)2n=38,由32条双臂染色体,6条单臂染色体组成。其染色体组型与等(1976)报道的艾鼬(♀)(新西伯利亚,诺俄尔比斯克)2n=38较为接近,而与王宗仁等(1984)报道的艾鼬(河北,怀来)2n=36,差异较大。     

Population genetic structure and distribution of introduced American mink (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Mustela vison</Emphasis>) in Spain,based on microsatellite variation

The population genetic structure of an invasive species in Spain, the American mink (Mustela vison), was investigated using microsatellite DNA markers. This semi-aquatic carnivore, originating from North America, was imported into Europe for fur farming since the beginning of the 20th century. Due to massive escapes, farm damages, deliberate releases and/or accidents, feral mink populations were established in the aquatic ecosystems of many European countries, including Spain. We genotyped 155 American mink originating from the Spanish regions Basque Country, Catalonia, Castilla-Leon, Aragon, Valencia and Galicia using 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci to highlight population genetic structure, distribution and dispersal. M. vison populations in Spain appear differentiated and not yet connected by gene flow. Bayesian clustering analyses and spatial analyses of molecular variance detected four inferred clusters, overall coinciding with the sampled geographical localities. Preliminary testing shows moderate to large estimated effective population sizes. Molecular analyses result useful to provide baseline data for further research on the evolution of invasive mink populations, as well as support local management strategies and indirectly benefit the conservation of threatened species in Spain, such as the endangered European mink (Mustela lutreola), and the polecat (Mustela putorius), which share the habitat with the American mink. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Xavier Domingo-Roura.     

黑柄炭角菌的单核苷酸多态性研究

以SNPs作为分子标记,对黑柄炭角菌的生活史和遗传多样性进行研究。基于黑柄炭角菌的基因组文库,在两个菌株（X-WC和X-LY）的34个片段（19,680bp）中共发现193个SNPs,SNP发生率为0.981%。193个SNPs位点都有两个可变的核苷酸,其中132个转换,61个颠换,转换与颠换比率为2.16。此外,对两个菌株序列进行比较,发现了41个插入/缺失位点。从34个片段中选择4个片段,分别比较菌株内的SNPs情况。X-WC的菌株内SNP发生率为每个核苷酸1.308%（30/2293）,X-LY的菌     

黑侧沟姬蜂的生物学及种群消长规律研究

黑侧沟姬蜂(Casinaria nigripes Gravenhorst)是马尾松毛虫(Dendrolimus punctotus Walker)的主要寄生天敌,它主要寄生1—4龄松毛虫幼虫,其最高寄生率达66.64％。 黑侧沟姬蜂的全世代发育起点温度为9.0±0.6℃,有效积温446.9日度,在湖南浏阳县每年发生6—7代,以幼虫在松毛虫幼虫体内越冬。幼虫老熟时钻出寄主,爬至松针或松枝上结茧化蛹。在不同的生境中,该蜂对松毛虫的寄生率有明显差异,以在松阔混交林中寄生率最高,对各代松毛虫的年平均寄生率可达36.58％,而在植被稀少的疏残松林中寄生率最低,仅11.66％。其寄生率还随寄主世代不同而异,一般以对第3代松毛虫的寄生率最高,第1代次之,第2代最低。该蜂种群数量逐年波动与全年霜冻日数成负相关,与当年7、8月份降雨量和10月份平均气温成正相关。     

艾鼬气味对根田鼠社会行为和繁殖的影响

在实验室条件下 ,主要测定艾鼬 (Mustelaeversmanni)气味对根田鼠 (Microtusoeconomus)社会行为、繁殖特征及性激素水平作用的格局 ,并探讨艾鼬气味使根田鼠产生繁殖迟滞的机制。结果表明 ,艾鼬气味对根田鼠一般动作、探究、自我修饰及婚配行为的频次具有显著的抑制作用 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而对各种行为累积时间的作用则产生明显的性别差异。艾鼬气味可提高雄体及雌体一般动作及雌体亲密行为的累积时间 ;对雄体自我修饰行为 ,以及雌体攻击、探究及自我修饰行为的累积时间有显著的降低作用 (P <0 0 5 )。艾鼬气味能显著制约根田鼠对食物的摄入 (P <0 0 5 ) ,并使其体重显著 (P <0 0 1)降低。在艾鼬气味条件下 ,82 %的配对根田鼠产生显著的繁殖迟滞 ,其雄体附睾精子计数、雌体卵巢指数及胚胎重量极显著地减低 (P <0 0 1) ,相应地 ,雌体血清孕酮显著地提高 (P <0 0 1)。上述结果验证了本文提出的捕食风险使田鼠类动物产生繁殖迟滞的假设     

内蒙古赛罕乌拉自然保护区4 种小型食肉目动物的食性构成的初步分析

为了解同域分布动物的食物竞争关系,采用样线法收集粪便样品,依据残遗物鉴别物种的方法,于2007年8 ～12 月对赛罕乌拉国家级自然保护区的赤狐、狗獾、香鼬和豹猫的食物构成进行比较。结果表明:赤狐取食所有15 类食物,并捕食小型鼬类;在赤狐粪样(n =70) 中出现率较大的植物(32.6% )以重量比率计算时其贡献极大下降(0.02% ),而出现率较低的草兔和鸟类重量比率较高(草兔65.4% , 鸟类22.9% ), 相对重要值的计算表示,赤狐的食物构成均一。狗獾(n = 64)以取食昆虫和植物果实为主(出现率29.3% 和57.8% )。香鼬(n =14)集中取食鼠类(出现率73.7% ,相对重量99.8% ),豹猫(n = 11) 则以鸟类居多(出现率27.8% ,相对重量69.0% )。食物生态位的宽度以赤狐最大(0.2),其次为豹猫(0.07)。根据食物生态位的重
叠度分析,赤狐与狗獾(O = 0.99)和豹猫(O = 0.7)以及狗獾与豹猫(O = 0.6)的种间竞争较强, 但在主要食物上出现分离,实现捕食者之间的共存。赤狐对香鼬的捕食可能限制了其种群的发展。