百色六怀山旧石器遗址发掘简报

百色六怀山遗址位于右江右岸第四级基座阶地。2005年10—11月对该遗址进行抢救性发掘,揭露面积1000m^2,出土石制品136件,砾石37件。石制品类型包括石器、石核、石片、断块和砾石等。古人类选择阶地底部河卵石为原料进行剥片和加工石器;石器以大型为主,手镐和砍砸器是主要类型;古人类多在砾石一端采用锤击法打制石器。石器面貌具有中国南方旧石器主工业的鲜明特点。地貌和地层对比显示该遗址形成于中更新世早期。     

盐酸环丙沙星在中华绒螯蟹体内药物代谢动力学研究

应用反向高效液相色谱法对盐酸环丙沙星在中华绒螯蟹雄、雌蟹血淋巴与肌肉内的代谢规律进行了研究。肌肉注射给药后血淋巴中盐酸环丙沙星的浓度立即达到峰值 ,药物开始向肌肉等组织中运转 ,血药浓度在 1h内迅速下降 ,而肌肉中的浓度达到峰值 ;此后无论是血淋巴还是肌肉中的盐酸环丙沙星浓度均缓慢下降 ,到第 12 0h雌、雄蟹中盐酸环丙沙星的浓度均在 1μg·mL-1(g-1)以下 ,到 2 16h均不能检出。研究表明 :中华绒螯蟹血淋巴中盐酸环丙沙星的药物浓度可用一级吸收二室开放模型描述 ,雄、雌蟹的消除半衰期 (T1/ 2 β)分别为 40 .34± 1.48h和 2 2 .0 7±0 31h ;中华绒螯蟹的性别对盐酸环丙沙星在其体内的代谢有较大的影响。     

Deciphering Spatial Protein–Protein Interactions in Brain Using Proximity Labeling

Cellular biomolecular complexes including protein–protein, protein–RNA, and protein–DNA interactions regulate and execute most biological functions. In particular in brain, protein–protein interactions (PPIs) mediate or regulate virtually all nerve cell functions, such as neurotransmission, cell–cell communication, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. Perturbations of PPIs in specific subsets of neurons and glia are thought to underly a majority of neurobiological disorders. Therefore, understanding biological functions at a cellular level requires a reasonably complete catalog of all physical interactions between proteins. An enzyme-catalyzed method to biotinylate proximal interacting proteins within 10 to 300 nm of each other is being increasingly used to characterize the spatiotemporal features of complex PPIs in brain. Thus, proximity labeling has emerged recently as a powerful tool to identify proteomes in distinct cell types in brain as well as proteomes and PPIs in structures difficult to isolate, such as the synaptic cleft, axonal projections, or astrocyte–neuron junctions. In this review, we summarize recent advances in proximity labeling methods and their application to neurobiology.     

Muscle-bone properties after prolonged voluntary wheel running in a mouse model of dominant severe osteogenesis imperfecta

Objective:The objective of the current study is to assess the effect of a seven-week voluntary wheel running intervention on muscles and bones properties in a mouse model mimicking dominant severe osteogenesis imperfecta (OI).Methods:Female wild-type (WT) and OI (Col1a1^Jrt/+) mice either performed voluntarily wheel-running exercise for 7-weeks or remained sedentary. Running distance and speed, forelimb grip strength, isolated muscle force and fatigability as well as bone morphology and mechanical properties were assessed.Results:We demonstrate that female WT and OI mice voluntarily performed exercise, although OI mice exercised less than WT littermates. The exercise regimen increased soleus muscle masses in WT and OI but increased relative grip strength in WT mice only. Specific muscle force and fatigability were similar between WT and OI mice and did not improve with exercise. Furthermore, the exercise regimen did not improve the femoral architectural and biomechanical properties in OI mice.Conclusion:Our study suggests that voluntary wheel running is not appropriate to assess the effects of exercise in a mouse model of OI. Findings from exercising OI mice model studies may not necessarily be transferable to humans.     

Effect of exhausting stretch-shortening cycle exercise on the time course of mechanical behaviour in the drop jump: possible role of muscle damage

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of stretch-shortening-cycle-induced muscle damage on the time course of mechanical behaviour in the drop jump. Ten healthy male subjects performed submaximal stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) exercise on a special sledge apparatus. Exhaustion occurred on average within 3 min. A drop jump (DJ) test from a 50-cm height was performed before and immediately after the sledge exercise as well as 2 h, 2 days and 4 days later. The fatigue exercise showed relatively high blood lactate concentration [12.5 (SD 2.6) mmol x l(-1)] and an increase of serum creatine kinase (CK) activity delayed by 2 days [540 (SD 407) U x l(-1)]. The initial decline in the jump performance (before - immediately after) was related negatively to the early recovery in performance (immediately after 2 h) (P < 0.05). The early recovery of the knee joint moment at the end of stretch showed a negative correlation to the delayed decrease in DJ performance (2 h 2 days) (P < 0.01). Thus, the DJ performance showed an initial decline followed by an early recovery and a secondary decline. Both the initial decline and early recovery in the knee joint moment at the end of stretch were related to the corresponding initial (after 2 h) (P < 0.05) and secondary increases (2 h - 2 days) (P < 0.01) in CK. It is suggested that the early recovery as well as the initial decline in the knee joint function could depend on the degree of muscle damage. Delayed decrease in initial stiffness (2 h - 2 days) was negatively related to the corresponding changes in the knee joint angle at touch down in DJ (P < 0.001). These interactions would imply that the decrease in the stiffness regulation and the modulation of the prelanding motor control might be attributable to secondary muscle damage during 2 days after the SSC exercise. Therefore, it may be suggested that the changes in the DJ performance after the exhausting SSC exercise accompany the progress of muscle damage observed by the corresponding increase in serum CK concentration and the corresponding deterioration of stiffness regulation and motor control in DJ.     

Insulin signaling and glucose transport in insulin resistant human skeletal muscle

Insulin increases glucose uptake and metabolism in skeletal muscle by signal transduction via protein phosphorylation cascades. Insulin action on signal transduction is impaired in skeletal muscle from Type 2 diabetic subjects, underscoring the contribution of molecular defects to the insulin resistant phenotype. This review summarizes recent work to identify downstream intermediates in the insulin signaling pathways governing glucose homeostasis, in an attempt to characterize the molecular mechanism accounting for skeletal muscle insulin resistance in Type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, the effects of pharmaceutical treatment of Type 2 diabetic patients on insulin signaling and glucose uptake are discussed. The identification and characterization of pathways governing insulin action on glucose metabolism will facilitate the development of strategies to improve insulin sensitivity in an effort to prevent and treat Type 2 diabetes mellitus.     

五种鳗鲡的含肉率及肌肉营养成分分析

研究利用营养测试方法对日本鳗鲡、欧洲鳗鲡、美洲鳗鲡、花鳗鲡和太平洋双色鳗鲡共5种养殖鳗鲡的含肉率及肌肉营养成分进行了分析比较。结果表明: 5种鳗鲡含肉率61.77%69.22%, 日本鳗鲡和太平洋双色鳗鲡显著高于欧洲鳗鲡和花鳗鲡 (P0.05); 水分含量为62.34%71.80%, 粗蛋白含量为11.31% 18.47%, 脂肪含量为8.62% 24.48%, 灰分含量为0.92%1.06%; 均含有18种氨基酸, 其中包括8种人体必须氨基酸, 总氨基酸含量存在差异, 鲜味氨基酸含量占37.43%38.77%, 必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为65.2574.77, 其构成比例符合FAO/ WHO的标准, 色氨酸、异亮氨基酸和缬氨酸等氨基酸为限制性氨基酸; 富含磷、钾、铁和锌等多种矿物元素, 日本鳗鲡和花鳗鲡含量最高; 均含有16种脂肪酸, 其中饱和脂肪酸(SFA) 7种, 不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)9种; 脂肪酸中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量较高, 分别占总量的41.92%48.27%和6.63%16.87%。研究结果表明: 5种鳗鲡的肌肉为高蛋白、鲜味氨基酸与必需氨基酸含量高的优质蛋白源; 富含磷、钾、铁、锌等矿物元素, 可作为补充人体矿物质营养的膳食来源; 脂肪酸以不饱和脂肪酸为主, 多不饱和脂肪酸和DHA比值高。因此, 5种鳗鲡具有较高的营养价值且有益人体健康, 均是优良的水产养殖种类。     

Diurnal Variation in Wingate-Test Performance and Associated Electromyographic Parameters

The present study was designed to evaluate time-of-day effects on electromyographic (EMG) activity changes during a short-term intense cycling exercise. In a randomized order, 22 male subjects were asked to perform a 30-s Wingate test against a constant braking load of 0.087?kg·kg^?1 body mass during two experimental sessions, which were set up either at 07:00 or 17:00?h. During the test, peak power (P_peak), mean power (P_mean), fatigue index (FI; % of decrease in power output throughout the 30 s), and evolution of power output (5-s span) throughout the exercise were analyzed. Surface EMG activity was recorded in both the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles throughout the test and analyzed over a 5-s span. The root mean square (RMS) and mean power frequency (MPF) of EMG were calculated. Neuromuscular efficiency (NME) was estimated from the ratio of power to RMS. Resting core temperature, P_peak, P_mean, and FI were significantly higher (p?<?.05) in the evening than morning test (e.g., P_peak: 11.6?±?0.8 vs. 11.9?±?1 W·kg^?1). The results showed that power output decreased following two phases. During the first phase (first 20s), power output decreased rapidly and values were higher (p?<?.05) in the evening than in the morning. During the second phase (last 10s), power decreased slightly and appeared independent of the time of day of testing. This power output decrease was paralleled by evolution of the MPF and NME. During the first phase, NME and MPF were higher (p <?.05) in the evening. During the second phase, NME and MPF were independent of time of day. In addition, no significant differences were noticed between 7:00 and 17:00?h for EMG RMS during the whole 30 s. Taken together, these results suggest that peripheral mechanisms (i.e., muscle power and fatigue) are more likely the cause of the diurnal variation of the Wingate-test performance rather than central mechanisms. (Author correspondence: n_souissi@yahoo.fr)     

EMG-based muscle fatigue assessment during dynamic contractions using principal component analysis

A novel approach to fatigue assessment during dynamic contractions was proposed which projected multiple surface myoelectric parameters onto the vector connecting the temporal start and end points in feature-space in order to extract the long-term trend information. The proposed end to end (ETE) projection was compared to traditional principal component analysis (PCA) as well as neural-network implementations of linear (LPCA) and non-linear PCA (NLPCA). Nine healthy participants completed two repetitions of fatigue tests during isometric, cyclic and random fatiguing contractions of the biceps brachii. The fatigue assessments were evaluated in terms of a modified sensitivity to variability ratio (SVR) and each method used a set of time-domain and frequency-domain features which maximized the SVR. It was shown that there was no statistical difference among ETE, PCA and LPCA (p > 0.99) and that all three outperformed NLPCA (p < 0.0022). Future work will include a broader comparison of these methods to other new and established fatigue indices.     

Effects of long-term selenium yeast supplementation on selenium status studied in the rat

To investigate the selenium status during long-term dietary supply of selenium yeast, 30-day-old male rats were fed for 379 days a methionine-adequate low-selenium diet supplemented with 0.2 mg Se/kg (selenium-adequate diet) or 1.5 mg Se/kg (high-selenium diet) in the form of selenium yeast that contained 60% of the element as l-selenomethionine. Their selenium load was determined at several intervals by neutron activation analysis of the selenium concentrations in the main selenium body pools, skeletal muscle and liver. After 64 days the tissue selenium concentrations plateaued in both groups and then stayed at that level. Compared with the selenium-adequate group, elevated tissue selenium concentrations were found in the high-selenium group, but the increase by a factor of 3.5 in the muscle and by a factor of 2.3 in the liver was smaller than the 7.5-fold increase in the selenium intake. In the selenium-adequate group about 50% of the muscle selenium and 30% of the liver selenium and in the high-selenium group about 85% of the muscle selenium and 70% of the liver selenium were estimated to be present in non-selenoprotein forms. During selenium depletion the liver glutathione peroxidase activity in the high-selenium group remained unaffected for 4 weeks and then decreased more slowly than that in the selenium-adequate group. From these results it can be concluded that selenium incorporated from the selenium yeast diet into non-selenoprotein forms can serve as an endogenous selenium source to maintain selenoprotein levels in periods of insufficient selenium supply.