全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1721篇 |
免费 | 110篇 |
国内免费 | 37篇 |
专业分类
1868篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 15篇 |
2022年 | 21篇 |
2021年 | 38篇 |
2020年 | 28篇 |
2019年 | 49篇 |
2018年 | 40篇 |
2017年 | 46篇 |
2016年 | 47篇 |
2015年 | 49篇 |
2014年 | 104篇 |
2013年 | 86篇 |
2012年 | 62篇 |
2011年 | 93篇 |
2010年 | 63篇 |
2009年 | 103篇 |
2008年 | 118篇 |
2007年 | 122篇 |
2006年 | 83篇 |
2005年 | 58篇 |
2004年 | 62篇 |
2003年 | 49篇 |
2002年 | 28篇 |
2001年 | 30篇 |
2000年 | 37篇 |
1999年 | 29篇 |
1998年 | 29篇 |
1997年 | 37篇 |
1996年 | 22篇 |
1995年 | 20篇 |
1994年 | 26篇 |
1993年 | 23篇 |
1992年 | 13篇 |
1991年 | 19篇 |
1990年 | 14篇 |
1989年 | 16篇 |
1988年 | 18篇 |
1987年 | 19篇 |
1986年 | 15篇 |
1985年 | 13篇 |
1984年 | 12篇 |
1983年 | 8篇 |
1982年 | 19篇 |
1981年 | 11篇 |
1980年 | 16篇 |
1979年 | 8篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1977年 | 13篇 |
1973年 | 5篇 |
1972年 | 5篇 |
1971年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有1868条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
81.
Sanvesh Srivastava Wenyi Wang Ganiraju Manyam Carlos Ordonez Veerabhadran Baladandayuthapani 《EURASIP Journal on Bioinformatics and Systems Biology》2013,2013(1):9
Background
Recent advances in genome technologies and the subsequent collection of genomic information at various molecular resolutions hold promise to accelerate the discovery of new therapeutic targets. A critical step in achieving these goals is to develop efficient clinical prediction models that integrate these diverse sources of high-throughput data. This step is challenging due to the presence of high-dimensionality and complex interactions in the data. For predicting relevant clinical outcomes, we propose a flexible statistical machine learning approach that acknowledges and models the interaction between platform-specific measurements through nonlinear kernel machines and borrows information within and between platforms through a hierarchical Bayesian framework. Our model has parameters with direct interpretations in terms of the effects of platforms and data interactions within and across platforms. The parameter estimation algorithm in our model uses a computationally efficient variational Bayes approach that scales well to large high-throughput datasets.Results
We apply our methods of integrating gene/mRNA expression and microRNA profiles for predicting patient survival times to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) based glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) dataset. In terms of prediction accuracy, we show that our non-linear and interaction-based integrative methods perform better than linear alternatives and non-integrative methods that do not account for interactions between the platforms. We also find several prognostic mRNAs and microRNAs that are related to tumor invasion and are known to drive tumor metastasis and severe inflammatory response in GBM. In addition, our analysis reveals several interesting mRNA and microRNA interactions that have known implications in the etiology of GBM.Conclusions
Our approach gains its flexibility and power by modeling the non-linear interaction structures between and within the platforms. Our framework is a useful tool for biomedical researchers, since clinical prediction using multi-platform genomic information is an important step towards personalized treatment of many cancers. We have a freely available software at: http://odin.mdacc.tmc.edu/~vbaladan.82.
Anthony P. Polednak 《Cancer epidemiology》2013,37(5):569-574
BackgroundFor myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) (formerly known as preleukemia), a diverse group of myeloid neoplasms usually involving anemia in elderly persons, trends in U.S. death rates apparently have not been reported.MethodsTrends in annual age-standardized rates per 100,000 from 1999 to 2009 were examined for MDS using multiple causes vs. underlying cause alone, coded on death certificates for U.S. residents.ResultsThe death rate (all ages combined) for MDS increased from 1999 to 2009, from 1.62 to 1.84 using underlying cause alone and from 2.89 to 3.27 using multiple causes. Rates using multiple causes were about 80% higher than those based on underlying cause alone. From 2001 to 2004 the rate for MDS using underlying cause alone (but not using multiple causes) declined, accompanied by an increase in the rate for deaths from leukemia as underlying cause with mention of MDS; this trend coincided with the advent of the 2001 World Health Organization's reclassification of certain MDS as leukemia. The MDS rate for age 65+ years increased after 2005, whereas the rate for age 25–64 years was low but declined from 2001 to 2003 and then stabilized. For deaths with MDS coded as other than underlying cause, rates did not decline for deaths from each of the two most common causes (i.e., cardiovascular diseases and leukemia).ConclusionsEvidence for decreases in MDS-related mortality rates was limited; the increase at age 65+ years is consistent with increases in incidence rates reported from cancer registries. Using multiple causes of death vs. only the underlying cause results in substantially higher MDS-related death rates, shows the impact of changes in the classification of myeloid neoplasms and emphasizes the importance of reducing cardiovascular disease mortality in MDS patients. 相似文献
83.
Julia E. Heck Travis J. Meyers Christina Lombardi Andrew S. Park Myles Cockburn Peggy Reynolds Beate Ritz 《Cancer epidemiology》2013,37(4):390-395
Background: Hepatoblastoma is a malignant embryonal tumor typically diagnosed in children younger than five years of age. Little is known on hepatoblastoma etiology. Methods: We matched California Cancer Registry records of hepatoblastomas diagnosed in children younger than age 6 from 1988 to 2007 to birth records using a probabilistic record linkage program, yielding 261 cases. Controls (n = 218,277), frequency matched by birth year to all cancer cases in California for the same time period, were randomly selected from California birth records. We examined demographic and socioeconomic information, birth characteristics, pregnancy history, complications in pregnancy, labor and delivery, and abnormal conditions and clinical procedures relating to the newborn, with study data taken from birth certificates. Results: We observed increased risks for hepatoblastoma among children with low [1500–2499 g, Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29–3.15] and very low birthweight (<1500 g, OR = 15.4, 95% CI 10.7–22.3), preterm birth <33 weeks (OR = 7.27, 95% CI 5.00, 10.6), small size for gestational age (OR = 1.75, 95% CI 1.25–2.45), and with multiple birth pregnancies (OR = 2.52, 95% CI 1.54–4.14). We observed a number of pregnancy and labor complications to be related to hepatoblastoma, including preeclampsia, premature labor, fetal distress, and congenital anomalies. Conclusion: These findings confirm previously reported associations with low birthweight and preeclampsia. The relation with multiple birth pregnancies has been previously reported and may indicate a relation to infertility treatments. 相似文献
84.
Mohammad Nasif Sarowar Albert Hendrik van den Berg Debbie McLaggan Mark R. Young Pieter van West 《Fungal biology》2013,117(11-12):752-763
Saprolegnia species are destructive pathogens to many aquatic organisms and are found in most parts of the world. Reports based on phylogenetic analysis suggest that Saprolegnia strains isolated from aquatic animals such as crustaceans and frogs are close to Saprolegnia strains isolated from infected fish or fish eggs and vice versa. However, it has often been assumed that host specificity occurs for each individual isolate or strain. Here we demonstrate that Saprolegnia spp. can have multiple hosts and are thus capable of infecting different aquatic organisms. Saprolegnia delica, Saprolegnia hypogyna, and 2 strains of Saprolegnia diclina were isolated from aquatic insects and amphipods while S. delica, Saprolegnia ferax, Pythium pachycaule, and a Pythium sp. were isolated from the water of a medium to fast flowing river. The ITS region of the rRNA gene was sequenced for all isolates. In challenge experiments, all four isolates from insects were found to be highly pathogenic to eggs of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and embryos of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). We found that Saprolegnia spp. isolated from salmon eggs were also able to successfully establish infection in nymphs of stonefly (Perla bipunctata) and embryos of X. laevis). These results suggest that Saprolegnia spp. are capable of infecting multiple hosts, which may give them an advantage during seasonal variation in their natural environments. 相似文献
85.
Yohei Takai Megumi Ohta Ryota Akagi Emika Kato Taku Wakahara Yasuo Kawakami Tetsuo Fukunaga Hiroaki Kanehisa 《Journal of physiological anthropology》2013,32(1):12
Background
The skeletal muscle mass of the lower limb plays a role in its mobility during daily life. From the perspective of physical resources, leg muscle mass dominantly decreases after the end of the fifth decade. Therefore, an accurate estimate of the muscle mass is important for the middle-aged and older population. The present study aimed to clarify the validity of ultrasound muscle thickness (MT) measurements for predicting leg skeletal muscle mass (SM) in the healthy Japanese middle-aged and older population.Findings
MTs at four sites of the lower limb and the bone-free lean tissue mass (LTM) of the right leg were determined using brightness-mode ultrasonography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), respectively, in 44 women and 33 men, 52- to 78-years old. LTM was used as a representative variable of leg skeletal muscle mass. In the model-development group (30 women and 22 men), regression analysis produced an equation with R2 and standard error of the estimate (SEE) of 0.958 and 0.3 kg, respectively: LTM (kg) = 0.01464 × (MTSUM×L) (cm2) - 2.767, where MTSUM is the sum of the product of MTs at four sites, and L is length of segment where MT is determined. The estimated LTM (7.0 ± 1.7 kg) did not significantly differ from the measured LTM (7.0 ± 1.7 kg), without a significant systematic error on a Bland-Altman plot. The application of this equation for the cross-validation group (14 women and 11 men) did not yield a significant difference between the measured (7.2 ± 1.6 kg) or estimated (7.2 ± 1.6 kg) LTM and systematic error.Conclusion
The developed prediction equation may be useful for estimating the lean tissue mass of the lower extremity for the healthy Japanese middle-aged and older population. 相似文献86.
目的:研究多发性骨髓瘤(MM)细胞免疫表型特征及其临床意义。方法:应用直接免疫荧光抗体染色方法,采用四色流式细胞仪分析160例多发性骨髓瘤患者瘤细胞免疫表型特征。结果:160例MM患者中CD38、CD138均为阳性,CD7、CD34、CD3、CD10均为阴性,其他抗体阳性率分别为CD56(61.5%)、CD117(18.8%)、CD19(6.5%)、CD20(12.5%)、c Kappa(71.0%)、c Lambda(76.3%)、CD81(58.1%)、CD45(46.9%)、CD27(14.3%)、CD28(17.4%)、CD33(21.4%)。CD20在小于60岁患者中的表达明显高于60岁以上患者[(78.91±16.84)%vs(38.31±11.29)%(P0.05),CD28在大于60岁患者中的表达明显高于小于60岁的患者[(70.81±19.44)%vs(43.97±11.25)%](P0.05)。CD28、CD45在女性患者中的表达明显高于男性患者[(71.75±25.20)%vs(47.25±12.04)%](P0.05)、[(74.04±19.07)%vs(48.42±25.10)%](P0.05)。CD20的表达在Ⅲ期患者明显高于Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期患者[(84.82±11.25)%vs(42.01±7.15)%](P0.05),而CD117的表达与此相反[(49.13±14.06)%vs(77.07±25.92)%](P0.05)。在女性患者中,CD81的表达在60岁以上的患者中明显升高[(43.87±24.43)%vs(74.59±22.94)%](P0.05)。在小于50岁的患者中,女性CD117的阳性率明显高于男性[(83.4±0.42)%vs(45.75±2.19)%](P0.05),而CD81的表达与此相反[(39.20±24.14)%vs(81.52±22.05)%](P0.05);在51~60岁的患者中,男性患者CD33的表达明显高于女性[(94.53±3.06)%vs(45.37±15.28)%](P0.05);在60~70岁的患者中,各分子的表达在男女之间无显著统计学差异。在大于70岁的患者中,男性CD117的表达明显高于女性[(70.40±31.40)%vs(53.50±29.98)%](P0.05),而c Kappa的表达与此相反[(32.58±13.90)%vs(76.98±22.42)%](P0.05)。结论:骨髓瘤细胞表达以CD38、CD138抗原为主,仅部分患者可伴有抗原CD56、CD117、CD19、CD20、cKappa、cLambda、CD81、CD45、CD27、CD28、CD33的表达。 相似文献
87.
目的:研究血清Wilms瘤基因(WT1)和多药耐药基因1(MDR1)的表达与多发性骨髓瘤疾病程度的相关性。方法:采用实时荧光PCR技术对30例不同期多发性骨髓瘤患者及30例健康者静脉血清进行WT1与MDR1基因表达水平检测,并分析其表达量与多发性骨髓瘤疾病程度的影响。结果:多发性骨髓瘤患者的血清WT1与MDR1基因表达水平均明显高于普通健康者,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);多发性骨髓瘤分期越高,患者血清WT1与MDR1基因的表达水平则越高,Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期与Ⅲ期患者的血清WT1与MDR1基因的表达水平两两组间比较差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);WT1与MDR1基因表达水平与骨髓瘤分期呈明显的正相关性(r=0.406,r=0.451,P0.05)。结论:血清WT1与MDR1基因表达水平与多发性骨髓瘤疾病程度具有明显的正相关性,可能作为多发性骨髓瘤的临床评估预测指标。 相似文献
88.
Protein C‐terminal enzymatic labeling identifies novel caspase cleavages during the apoptosis of multiple myeloma cells induced by kinase inhibition 下载免费PDF全文
Wenwen Duan Suping Chen Yang Zhang Dan Li Rong Wang Shi Chen Junbei Li Xiaoyan Qiu Guoqiang Xu 《Proteomics》2016,16(1):60-69
Caspase activation and proteolytic cleavages are the major events in the early stage of apoptosis. Identification of protein substrates cleaved by caspases will reveal the occurrence of the early events in the apoptotic process and may provide potential drug targets for cancer therapy. Although several N‐terminal MS‐based proteomic approaches have been developed to identify proteolytic cleavages, these methods have their inherent drawbacks. Here we apply a previously developed proteomic approach, protein C‐terminal enzymatic labeling (ProC‐TEL), to identify caspase cleavage events occurring in the early stage of the apoptosis of a myeloma cell line induced by kinase inhibition. Both previously identified and novel caspase cleavage sites are detected and the reduction of the expression level of several proteins is confirmed biochemically upon kinase inhibition although the current ProC‐TEL procedure is not fully optimized to provide peptide identifications comparable to N‐terminal labeling approaches. The identified cleaved proteins form a complex interaction network with central hubs determining morphological changes during the apoptosis. Sequence analyses show that some ProC‐TEL identified caspase cleavage events are unidentifiable when traditional N‐terminomic approaches are utilized. This work demonstrates that ProC‐TEL is a complementary approach to the N‐terminomics for the identification of proteolytic cleavage events such as caspase cleavages in signaling pathways. 相似文献
89.
Label‐free analysis of human cerebrospinal fluid addressing various normalization strategies and revealing protein groups affected by multiple sclerosis 下载免费PDF全文
Jill A. Opsahl Marc Vaudel Astrid Guldbrandsen Elise Aasebø Vincent Van Pesch Diego Franciotta Kjell‐Morten Myhr Harald Barsnes Magnus Berle Øivind Torkildsen Ann C. Kroksveen Frode S. Berven 《Proteomics》2016,16(7):1154-1165
The aims of the study were to: (i) identify differentially regulated proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and non‐MS controls; (ii) examine the effect of matching the CSF samples on either total protein amount or volume, and compare four protein normalization strategies for CSF protein quantification. CSF from MS patients (n = 37) and controls (n = 64), consisting of other noninflammatory neurological diseases (n = 50) and non neurological spinal anesthetic subjects (n = 14), were analyzed using label‐free proteomics, quantifying almost 800 proteins. In total, 122 proteins were significantly regulated (p < 0.05), where 77 proteins had p‐value <0.01 or AUC value >0.75. Hierarchical clustering indicated that there were two main groups of MS patients, those with increased levels of inflammatory response proteins and decreased levels of proteins involved in neuronal tissue development (n = 30), and those with normal protein levels for both of these protein groups (n = 7). The main subgroup of controls clustering with the MS patients showing increased inflammation and decreased neuronal tissue development were patients suffering from chronic fatigue. Our data indicate that the preferable way to quantify proteins in CSF is to first match the samples on total protein amount and then normalize the data based on the median intensities, preferably from the CNS‐enriched proteins. 相似文献
90.