一氧化氮合酶(NOS)等活性变化对肺癌早期诊断的研究——纤支镜活检组织50例的观察

用酶组织化学方法探讨经支气管纤维镜（简称纤支镜）活检组织,对肺癌的早期诊断。包括一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）、细胞色素氧化酶（ＣＣＯ）、乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）、琥珀酸脱氢酶（ＳＤＨ）、酸性磷酸酶（ＡＣＰ）等。酶组织化学反应结果显示为肺癌组病人ＮＯＳ、ＬＤＨ、ＣＣＯ、ＡＣＰ的活性显著增高,分别为强阳性（）,少数呈最强阳性（）;而ＳＯＨ活性为弱阳性（＋）,较正常人组显著下降。可疑组病人ＳＤＨ活性增高呈强阳性（）或最强阳性（）,但ＮＯＳ、ＬＤＨ、ＡＣＰ的活性较肺癌组下降,分别为弱阳性（＋）或中等阳性（）。上述结果提示：ＮＯＳ等活性的变化,可作为提高肺癌早期诊断的重要指标之一。     

Ultrastructural and carbohydrate histochemical study of the Vater-Pacini corpuscles in the digital pads of the North American raccoon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Procyon lotor</Emphasis>), with special regard to basic function

Numerous and very large Vater-Pacini corpuscles were observed in the forefoot digital pads of the North American raccoon (Procyon lotor). In addition to ultrastructure, the distribution and selectivity of complex glycoconjugates in this sensory corpuscle type were examined by carbohydrate histochemical techniques, in particular lectin histochemistry. The Vater-Pacini corpuscles present showed the typical lamellar structure known for mammals and contained high amounts of neutral and acidic glycoconjugates with various saccharide residues (α-l-fucose, β-d-galactose, sialic acid) in a specific intracorpuscular distribution pattern, including variations between the outer lamellae and the inner core. The results obtained are discussed with regard to possible functions of the Vater-Pacini corpuscles found in the raccoon forefoot pads. The corpuscular glycoconjugate components may furnish a high and differentiated viscoelasticity for rapid pressure transmission within the large Vater-Pacini corpuscles. Thus, the digital pads of the forepaws can be considered as part of a specific mechanoreceptor system related to excellent object manipulation properties in this mammalian species.     

Detecting Enzymatic Activity in Cells Using Fluorogenic Substrates

Fluorogenic substrates can detect enzymatic activity associated with cells. It is difficult, however, to detect activity within a single cell or in an organelle since hydrolytic substrates yield products that rapidly leak from the cell. Several new solutions are presented including trapping the fluorescent product in membranes, in cell organelles, or as a glutathione conjugate. Novel substrates also are described that directly yield highly fluorescent precipitates at the site of enzymatic activity. These can be used for detecting endogenous activity in cells or for enzyme-amplified histochemical detection. Some of these substrates can be used in live cells.     

The so-called tonic muscle fibre type in cyprinid axial muscle: their morphology and response to endurance exercise training

The morphology and the effect of an endurance training programme on tonic muscle fibres were studied in chub Leuciscus cephalus , by means of histochemistry and immunohistochemistry, electronmicroscopy and morphometry/stereology. Location and distribution, SDH- and mATPase-activity, reaction to an anti-tonic myosin antibody and ultrastructural features of the fibre type were investigated. With regard to training conditions, fibre size was not significantly affected. However, an increase in the volume densities of mitochondria, lipid and myofibrils can be observed, suggesting a training influence on the aerobic capacity of the so-called tonic muscle fibres. Based on the quantitative findings, the fine structure and the response to training, similarities with intermediate muscle fibres and the functional role of these so-called tonic muscle fibres are discussed.     

Dopamine and noradrenaline neurons projecting to the septal area in the rat

Summary The organisation of the catecholamine innervation of the rat septal area was investigated by means of the glyoxylic acid fluorescence method in combination with dopamine uptake studies, lesions and retrograde tracing of horseradish peroxidase. The following catecholamine systems to the septum could be established:The Locus Coeruleus Noradrenergic System These axons are widespread in the septum forming a moderately dense innervation in the anterior hippocampus, the medial septal nucleus, the nucleus of the diagonal band, and the interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis, and a sparse innervation in the lateral septal nucleus and the septofimbrial nucleus.The Medulla Oblongata Noradrenergic System This system originates in the Al, A2 or A3 cell groups, the axons forming a very dense innervation in the ventral part of the interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis, a moderately dense innervation in the nucleus of the diagonal band and lateral septal nucleus, and a sparse innervation in the medial septal nucleus, the septofimbrial nucleus and the dorsal part of the interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis.The Mesencephalic Dopaminergic System This system originates in the medial part of the A10 cell group, the axons forming two distinct terminal patterns. In the first type, smooth axons form pericellular arrangements around non-fluorescent neurons in the lateral septal nucleus. The second type is formed by fine-varicose axons which form a dense band around the fornix in the medial part of the lateral septal nucleus.The Incerto-Hypothalamic Dopaminergic System These axons most probably originate in cell bodies of the diencephalic A11, A13 and A14 cell groups, and are found in the lateral septal nucleus at the level of the anterior commissure.     

Evidence for the existence of serotonin-, dopamine-, and noradrenaline-containing neurons in the gut of Lampetra fluviatilis

Summary Monoamine-containing neurons in the gut of Lampetra fluviatilis are characterized by histochemical, electron microscopical and biochemical methods. Strongly yellow fluorescent, probably serotonin-containing intrinsic neurons are found along the entire length of the intestine. Their processes aggregate to form large bundles of mainly non-terminal axons, constituting a subepithelial fibre plexus. This subepithelial, ganglion cell comprising plexus is connected to a wide-meshed subserosal plexus which has ganglion cells of different size and few varicose, single axons. Intermingled with both plexus there occur — in the anterior and middle but not in the preanal portion of the lamprey intestine — scattered green fluorescent intrinsic perikarya, emanating faintly green fluorescent, poorly varicosed axons.The formaldehyde-induced neuronal fluorophores conform to serotonin (yellow fluorescent compound), noradrenaline, and dopamine (green fluorescent substance), as revealed in microspectrofluorimetric recordings. The electron microscopical analysis of the yellow fluorescent intrinsic neurons in the terminal hindgut shows nerve cell pericarya and axons equipped with a typical population of occasional small granular and many large granular vesicles (750–1600 Å). The number and opacity of cores of the small and the osmiophilia of the cores of the large granular vesicles are significantly increased following short-term treatment with 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. Long-term treatment with 5,6- or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine provokes severe signs of ultrastructure impairment and eventual degeneration in the supposed serotonin-containing axons, besides indications of piling-up of organelles in the non-terminal axons due to arrest of axonal transport.Chromatography of acid extracts from the lamprey intestine, gills and kidney reveals the presence of serotonin (besides another unidentified indoleamine) and dopamine and noradrenaline in the gut, but only dopamine in the brain. The detection of serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine in the lamprey gut is confirmed by chemical determinations.The occurrence of intrinsic serotonin-, noradrenaline- and dopamine-containing neurons in the gut of Lampetra fluviatilis deviates from the established pattern of innervation of the vertebrate intestine and is considered to be a remnant of an autonomic innervation principle common in invertebrates.Supported by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.Supported by grants from the Swedish Medical Research Council (No. 14X-712 and 14X-56.The authors are indebted to Lilan Bengtsson, Gertrude Stridsberg, Eva Svensson and Rolf Frank for skilful technical assistance.