秦岭火地塘森林生态系统不同层次的水质效应

根据降水与森林生态系统相互作用的空间顺序,分别对火地塘林区火地沟流域大气降水、林内雨、枯透水、支沟溪流水和流域出口径流水质进行了比较分析和变化机理分析。结果表明：森林生态系统不同层次均有使微酸性降水pH值升高的作用,但以林冠层和森林土壤的作用最大,升幅分别为0．58和0．61;森林生态系统对NO3^-、NH4^＋、K、PO4^3均有净化作用,净化NO3^-的关键阶段为沟道径流阶段,净化NH4^＋、K、PO4^3的主要方式则为土壤吸附;森林生态系统各层次均增加Ca含量,除土壤外,也增加Mg,但Ca主要来源于土壤和岩石,Mg主要来源于岩石;降水中的Cd、Pb、Mn、Zn经过森林生态系统不同层次的阻减,含量分别降低了0．721μg·L^-1、6．528μg·L^-1、0．0128mg·L^-1和1．4674mg·L^-1,其中以林冠层的阻减作用最大,阻减效果分别为83％、76．7％、54％和99％。总体上,林冠层是净化水质的关键层次,其次为森林土壤。     

贡嘎山暗针叶林生态系统基于KDW运动-弥散波模型的优先流研究

利用自制的土柱装置,开展室内土柱实验,并与野外实地示踪影像分析相结合,针对研究区域土壤包气带根系层中水分快速运动的优先流展开研究,其目的在于系统分析优先流对径流过程的影响,为长江上游暗针叶林生态系统土壤水分运动规律研究及有效流域管理提供理论支持。研究采用雷诺数计算及野外示踪映像分析方法,判定证明在所研究地区,有优先流现象发生,优先流是处于层流及紊流之间的过渡流。同时针对成熟林坡积物土壤的水分运移状况分析表明研究区域的壤中流过程主要表现为优先流,而土壤中的基质部分,则表现为不动区域。研究在以往优先流模型构建的基础上,综合考虑了研究区域的实地情况,应用融入弥散波的运动波模型(KDW优先流模型),利用交叉模拟方法和统计分析方法将此模型与实地实验检验分析,认定KDW优先流模型实用性强、可靠程度较高,可较好地模拟贡嘎山暗针叶林生态系统实地。     

太白山北坡夏秋季鸟类物种多样性

2006年5月～7月(夏季),9月～10月(秋季)在秦岭主峰太白山的北坡根据海拔和典型植被划分生境类型,在6种生境中选择典型样区划定样线并采用样线法对鸟类进行调查,根据鸟类的绝对数量和估算面积计算鸟类的绝对密度,并根据密度等级划分各生境类型中优势物种和常见物种。共观察到鸟类144种,其中留鸟102种,夏候鸟41种,冬候鸟1种。不同的海拔和不同生境类型中的鸟类物种丰富度和多度有较大差异,而且同一生境中鸟类多样性的季节性变化也很明显。无论是夏季还是秋季,低海拔农田带生境中鸟类的总密度最高,而高山灌丛草甸生境中的鸟类总密度最低。优势物种和常见物种在不同的生境类型组成也不相同,而且在不同季节也有变化。夏秋季的鸟类食性组成在农田带有显著差异,而其它生境类型中的鸟类食性夏秋季无明显差异,但是秋季植食性鸟类在各个生境类型中都有增多的趋势。物种丰富度和海拔梯度的关系显示在中海拔地区的鸟类丰富度最高。总体上,和20世纪80年代相比,太白山北坡的鸟类已经发生了明显的变化。     

阴山山脉中段九峰山地区早春植物初探

座落于阴山山脉、大青山山段的九峰山地区,由于其特殊的地理位置,林区野生植物资源丰富,种类繁多,早春植物作为落叶阔叶林下的一个特殊层片具有一定的指示意义。研究早春植物,可为确定落叶阔叶林的分布、特征、经营利用技术提供依据。文章对九峰山地区早春植物进行了调查研究,查清了该地区的早春植物种类,初步掌握了早春植物的生物特性、生态类型及其生物学意义。     

七姊妹山自然保护区野生保护植物优先保护定量研究

在野外调查和查阅文献资料的基础上,研究了七姊妹山自然保护区国家重点保护野生植物的分布情况,并运用濒危系数、遗传价值系数和物种价值系数对其优先保护顺序进行了定量分析.结果表明:(1)七姊妹山自然保护区共有国家重点保护野生植物28种,其中Ⅰ级7种,Ⅱ级21种,分别占湖北省分布的60.9%、87.5%和55.30%;(2)采用优先保护评价体系对28种国家重点保护植物进行排序,其结果与《国家重点保护野生植物名录(第一批)》结果有所不同,属一级保护的有银杏和伯乐树2种,占总数的7.14%;属二级保护的有桢楠、连香树、光叶珙桐、红豆杉、珙桐、黄杉、花榈木、篦子三尖杉、毛红椿、巴山榧树、水青树、红豆树、闽楠、南方红豆杉、莼菜、红椿和川黄檗17种,占总数的60.71%;属三级保护的有喜树、香果树、鹅掌楸、榉树、厚朴和凹叶厚朴6种,占总数的21.43%;属四级保护的有金荞麦、樟树和野大豆3种,占总数的10.71%;(3)该评价体系对28种植物的评价与分级结果更真实地反映了它们在该区域受威胁状态和优先保护顺序,对该区野生重点保护植物的优先保护工作具有一定指导意义.     

河南省太行山国家级猕猴自然保护区鸟类区系调查

2002年7月~2004年12月,对河南省太行山国家级猕猴自然保护区的鸟类进行了调查,共记录鸟类123种,结合文献资料该区共有鸟类157种,隶属16目47科。其中留鸟61种,占总数的39.35%,冬候鸟25种,占总数的16.13%,夏候鸟38种,占总数的24.52%,旅鸟31种,占总数的20.00%;国家Ⅰ级保护鸟类3种,国家Ⅱ级保护鸟类23种,河南省重点保护的鸟类5种,中日候鸟保护鸟类63种,中澳候鸟保护鸟类10种。对该区繁殖鸟类的区系分析表明,古北界种类占繁殖鸟总数的36.36%,东洋界种类占34.34%,广布种占29.29%,反映了该地区鸟类区系组成上的过渡地带性。     

山东昆嵛山国家森林公园生态旅游可持续发展研究

山东昆嵛山国家森林公园有丰富的野生动植物资源,优美的景色,丰厚的文化底蕴,优越的地理位置,是开展生态旅游的理想之地。本文在综合评价昆嵛山独特的生态旅游资源优势的基础上,分析了旅游业可能给当地生态环境带来的负面影响,并提出了昆嵛山生态旅游资源保护与可持续开发利用的对策建议,以期推动昆嵛山生态旅游业发展。     

Seed rain and environmental controls on invasion of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea abies</Emphasis> into grassland

Although changes in land-use, climate, and the spread of introduced tree species have increased the global importance of tree invasions into grasslands, our ability to predict any particular invasion is limited. To elucidate mechanisms driving tree invasions of grasslands, we studied in detail how seed dispersal and fine-scale environment control the expansion of an introduced Picea abies Karst. (Norway spruce) population into Western Carpathian grassland. We mapped invading trees and measured tree size, fecundity, seed rain, seedling density, plant community composition, and light and soil environment within a 200 × 60 m belt across the invasion front. Maximum likelihood estimates of dispersal kernels suggested peak seed deposition directly underneath tree crowns where germination was poor, but mean dispersal distances were sufficiently large to generate overlapping seed shadows from multiple trees that saturated the invasion front with seeds further away from seed-dispersing trees. Partial Mantel tests indicated that germinant density was affected considerably less by seed rain than by moss cover (r = 0.54), overstory tree influence (r = −0.32), soil moisture (r = 0.21), grass cover (r = −0.15), and diffuse radiation (r = 0.13). However, these variables were not independent but formed complex multivariate gradients within the invasion front. Moss cover and soil moisture were negatively correlated with overstory tree influence and the resulting gradient clearly affected germinant density (partial Mantel r = 0.45). In contrast, positively correlated light and grass cover defined a gradient related weakly to germinant density (partial Mantel r = 0.05) as it integrated opposing effects of these variables on germinants. Seedlings had similar environmental associations, but except for the lasting positive effects of moss these tended to weaken with seedling size. Although a few seedlings may establish and survive in the more adverse environment of the outer edges of the invasion front, a significant population expansion may require a gradual build-up of the critical density of invading trees to reduce grass cover and facilitate germination on moist mossy seedbeds within uncolonized areas. Thus, Picea abies appears more likely to spread within temperate grasslands by gradual expansion of its population frontier rather than by advanced groups.     

Long-term protection effects of national reserve to forest vegetation in 4 decades: biodiversity change analysis of major forest types in Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve, China

The Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve (CNR) was established in 1960 to protect the virgin Korean pine mixed hardwood forest, a typical temperate forest of northeast China. We conducted systematic stud- ies of vascular diversity patterns on the north slope of the CNR mountainside forests (800-1700 m a.s.l.) in 1963 and 2006 respectively. The aim of this comparison is to assess the long-term effects of the protection on plant biodiversity of CNR during the interval 43 years. The research was carried out in three types of forests: mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest (MCBF), mixed coniferous forest (MCF), and sub-alpine coniferous forest (SCF), characterized by different dominant species. The alpha diversity indicted by species richness and the Shannon-Wiener index were found different in the same elevations and forest types during the 43-year interval. The floral composition and the diversity of vascular species were generally similar along altitudinal gradients before and after the 43-year interval, but some substantial changes were evident with the altitude gradient. In the tree layers, the dominant species in 2006 were similar to those of 1963, though diversity declined with altitude. The indices in the three forest types did not differ significantly between 1963 and 2006, and these values even increased in the MCBF and MCF from 1963 to 2006. However, originally dominant species, P. koraiensis for ex- ample, tended to decline, while the proportion of broad-leaved trees increased, and the species turn- over in the succession layers trended to shift to higher altitudes. The diversity pattern of the under canopy fluctuated along the altitudinal gradient due to micro-environmental variations. Comparison of the alpha diversity in the three forests shows that the diversity of the shrub and herb layer decreased with time. During the process of survey, we also found some rare and medicinal species disappeared. Analysis indicates that the changes of the diversity pattern in this region are caused by both nature and human factors. Meteorological records revealed that climate has changed significantly in the past 43 years. We also found the most severe human disturbance to the CNR forests in the process of another field survey that is the exploitation of herb medicines and Korean pine nuts. We hope this research would give some guidance to the future reserve management in Changbai Mountain area.     

Association between PrP genotypes and performance traits in a Welsh Mountain flock

The UK national scrapie plan (NSP) for sheep is based on selection for the resistant ARR/ARR genotype and elimination of susceptible types of the ovine prion protein (PrP) gene. The aim of this study was to estimate the possible association of the PrP genotype and performance traits by using data from the CAMDA Welsh Mountain flock. Four alleles (ARH, ARQ, ARR and VRQ) and 10 genotypes covering all five NSP risk groups were present in the CAMDA flock. Overall, the most common allele was ARR (35.2%), and VRQ was the least common (5.4%). The commonest genotypes were ARR/ARQ (23.7%) and ARR/AHQ (23.1%). The most resistant genotype, ARR/ARR, and the most susceptible genotype, VRQ/VRQ, were found in 10.2% and 0.3%, respectively, of the population tested. The associations of PrP genotypes with weight and ultrasonically scanned traits were investigated in three analyses, the first using genotypes, the second using risk categories and the third using number of alleles. These associations were evaluated by univariate analysis of each trait using an animal model with maternal effects where appropriate, and PrP was included as a fixed effect. Selection for scrapie resistance will not adversely affect progress in the traits considered and is consistent with improvements in muscle depth.