干旱胁迫对大豆生长的影响及抗旱性评价方法与指标筛选

2014-2015年在年降雨量不足40 mm的敦煌市,设干旱和正常灌水两个处理,通过测定12份大豆品种的8个形态指标(株高、主茎节数、有效分枝数、单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重、单株生物量和百粒重)及小区产量,采用改进抗旱指数法及权重隶属函数值D对其进行抗旱性评价,并筛选出3份不同抗旱类型的大豆品种进行生理指标测定,验证该方法和指标。结果显示,与灌水处理(CK)相比较,干旱胁迫下的8个形态指标及产量,2014年除有效分枝数及百粒重差异不显著外,其余考察性状均达到了极显著差异,2015年所有考察表型性状均达到极显著差异;两年权重隶属函数法评价结果显著相关,小区产量与两年两种评价方法极显著相关;两种处理下,中度抗旱(中黄24)、弱抗旱品种(WDD00172)的SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性、丙二醛含量、可溶性糖含量差异极显著,且与权重隶属函数值D显著相关,而强抗旱品种(晋豆21号)中SOD活性、POD活性、脯氨酸含量差异不显著,且6个生理指标与权重隶属函数值D均不相关。因此,权重隶属函数法和小区产量可作为大豆抗旱性评价单一可靠的方法与指标。     

湖南省发现云开脊蛇兼记棕脊蛇新地模标本

云开脊蛇(Achalinus yunkaiensis)之前仅在广东和广西有分布报道。本文基于形态比较及线粒体COI基因序列分子系统关系分析结果,确定采集于湖南省新宁县的1号雌性脊蛇标本(CIB 119041)为云开脊蛇,为湖南省新记录种。该标本鼻间鳞沟约等于前额鳞沟,上颔齿24枚;背鳞通身23行,腹鳞150枚,尾下鳞55枚;尾长与体长之比为0.203。至此共有4种脊蛇分布于湖南省。此外,本文还报道了棕脊蛇(A. rufescens)1号雄性地模标本(CIB 119042),该标本鼻间鳞沟长于前额鳞沟;背鳞通身23行,腹鳞153枚,尾下鳞62枚;尾长与体长之比0.201。分子系统发育结果显示,棕脊蛇种组各支系的系统地位还需进一步研究厘定。     

中国迷蚜蝇属Milesia厘订（双翅目：食蚜蝇科）

中国原记载分布有14种迷蚜蝇。本文通过对我国迷蚜蝇馆藏标本的收集、整理、鉴定,发现有6个新异名：瑞丽迷蚜蝇M.ruiliana Yang et Cheng和清华迷蚜蝇M.tachina Yang et Cheng为黄带迷蚜蝇M.cretosa Hippa的异名,茂兰迷蚜蝇M.tachina Yang et Cheng为锈色迷蚜蝇Mferruginosa的异名,黑色迷蚜蝇M.atricorporis Yang et Cheng为黑色迷蚜蝇M.quantula Hippa的异名,拟蜂迷蚜蝇M.vesparia Shiraki和隆顶迷蚜蝇M.turgidiverticis Yang et Cheng为隆顶迷蚜蝇M.verticalis Brunetti的异名。并首次报道杂色迷蚜蝇M.variegata Brunetti在中国有分布。到目前为止,我国实际有分布的迷蚜蝇共13种(其中,棕缘迷蚜蝇M.fuscicosta (Bigot)分布在我国南海,未见标本)。本文提供了每种的腹部特征图,并列出所有中国种类的分类检索表,同时附有地理分布图。中国迷蚜蝇种类如下：闽小迷蚜蝇M.apsycta Seguy、玉带迷蚜蝇M.balteata Kertesz、黄带迷蚜蝇M.cretosa Hippa、锈色迷蚜蝇M.ferruginosa Brunetti、裂翅迷蚜蝇M.fissipennis Speiser、非凡迷蚜蝇M.insignis Hippa、马氏迷蚜蝇M.maai Hippa、桔斑迷蚜蝇M.variegata Brunetti、寡斑迷蚜蝇M.paucipunctata Yang et Cheng、黑色迷蚜蝇M.quantula Hippa、中华迷蚜蝇M.sinensis Curran、隆顶迷蚜蝇M.verticalis Brunetti和棕缘迷蚜蝇M.fuscicosta Bigot。     

Effects of resource level and habitat type on behavioral and morphological plasticity in Eurasian perch

Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the environment is a common feature affecting many natural populations. For example, both the resource levels and optimal habitat choices of individuals likely change over time. One way for organisms to cope with environmental variation is to display adaptive plasticity in traits such as behavior and morphology. Since trait plasticity is hypothesized to be a prerequisite for character divergence, studies of mechanisms behind such plasticity are warranted. In this study, we looked at the interaction of two potentially important environmental variables on behavioral and morphological plasticity in Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis L.). More specifically, the plastic responses in activity and morphology of perch exposed to different resource levels and simulated habitat types were studied in an aquarium experiment. The resource level experienced had a large influence on plasticity in both activity and morphology. Behavioral adaptations have been thought to mediate morphological transitions, and we suggest that the morphological response to the resource level was mediated by differences in activity and growth rates. The habitat type also affected morphological plasticity but to a lesser extent, and there was no effect on activity from habitat type. Based on these results, we suggest that it is essential to include several environmental factors acting in concert when studying mechanisms behind trait plasticity. We also propose that variation in resource levels might play a key role in fostering trait plasticity in at least fish populations, while other environmental variables such as divergent habitat complexities and prey types might be less influential. Dynamics in resource levels and optimal habitat choices might thus be important factors influencing character divergence in natural populations.     

金丝猴(RHINOPITHECUS)脑的外部形态

本文是对三种金丝猴脑的外部形态的观察结果表明:金丝猴的大脑皮层除存在猴科固有的全部沟裂外,还较其他猴科动物具有更多的副沟。大脑的沟型与疣猴亚科的特征完全吻合,但是很多特点都较叶猴更近似于长臂猿。另外,除了蚓叶和蚓结节较小,四叠体的下丘较猕猴发达以外,金丝猴的小脑和脑干均与猴科的一般特征无明显差异。     

A review of the primary types of the Hawaiian stag beetle genus Apterocyclus Waterhouse (Coleoptera,Lucanidae, Lucaninae), with the description of a new species

The species of the Hawaiian stag beetle genus Apterocyclus Waterhouse (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) are reviewed following an examination of all primary types. Although the continued existence of the species is unknown and some possibly are extinct there are five recently extant species, including one species that is described here as new. The holotypes for all available names are pictured, and synonymies discussed and updated. Lectotypes are designated for Apterocyclus honoluluensis Waterhouse and A. munroi Sharp. A key to species and a revised catalog for the genus are provided.     

Diversity of Halimeda (Bryopsidales,Chlorophyta) in New Caledonia: a Combined Morphological and Molecular Study

Halimeda is a genus of calcified and segmented green macroalgae in the order Bryopsidales. In New Caledonia, the genus is abundant and represents an important part of the reef flora. Previous studies recorded 19 species that were identified using morphological criteria. The aim of this work was to reassess the diversity of the genus in New Caledonia using morpho‐anatomical examinations and molecular analyses of the plastid tufA and rbcL genes. Our results suggest the occurrence of 22 species. Three of these are reported for the first time from New Caledonia: Halimeda kanaloana, H. xishaensis, and an entity resembling H. stuposa. DNA analyses revealed that the species H. fragilis exhibits cryptic or pseudocryptic diversity in New Caledonia. We also show less conclusive evidence for cryptic species within H. taenicola     

Physico-chemical and morphological characteristics of New Zealand Taewa (Maori potato) starches

The physico-chemical, morphological, thermal, pasting, textural, and retrogradation properties of the starches isolated from four traditional Taewa (Maori potato) cultivars (Karuparera, Tutaekuri, Huakaroro, Moemoe) of New Zealand were studied and compared with starch properties of a modern potato cultivar (Nadine). The relationships between the different starch characteristics were quantified using Pearson correlation and principal component analysis. Significant differences were observed among physico-chemical properties such as phosphorus content, amylose content, swelling power, solubility and light transmittance of starches from the different potato cultivars. The starch granule morphology (size and shape) for all the potato cultivars showed considerable variation when studied by scanning electron microscopy and particle size analysis. Starch granules from Nadine and Moemoe cultivars showed the presence of large and irregular or cuboid granules in fairly high number compared with the starches from the other cultivars. The transition temperatures (T_o; T_p; T_c) and the enthalpies (ΔH_gel) associated with gelatinization suggested differences in the stability of the crystalline structures among these potato starches. The Moemoe starch showed the lowest T_o, while it was higher for Tutaekuri and Karuparera starches. Pasting properties such as peak, final and breakdown viscosity and texture profile analysis (TPA) parameters of starch gels such as hardness and fracturability were found to be higher for Nadine and Huakaroro starches. The Nadine and Huakaroro starch gels also had lower tendency towards retrogradation as evidenced by their lower syneresis (%) during storage at 4 °C. Principal component analysis showed that the Tutaekuri and Nadine cultivars differed to the greatest degree in terms of the properties of their starches.