三门湾浮游动物的季节变动及微型浮游动物摄食影响

2002年8月、11月、2003年2月和5月,在三门湾进行了4个航次生物、化学和水文等专业综合调查。根据采集的浮游动物样品的分析鉴定及海上现场实验结果,对浮游动物的群落组成、生物量、丰度、多样性指数的分布和季节变动及其浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食影响进行研究。结果表明,三门湾浮游动物有67属,89种,16类浮游幼体,主要可划分为4个生态类群：以近岸低盐类群为主,其优势种为中华哲水蚤Calanus sinicus、真刺唇角水蚤Labidocera etwhaeta、捷氏歪水蚤Tortanus derjugini、太平洋纺锤水蚤Acartiapacifica、中华假磷虾Pseudeuphausia sinica和百陶箭虫Sagitta bedoti等。半咸水河口类群、暖水性外海类群和广布种相对较少。浮游动物生物量和丰度的平面分布趋势除了夏季有所差异外,其它季节基本一致。2月份和5月份,浮游动物生物量和丰度,从湾顶向湾口呈逐渐增加趋势;8月份,湾口区生物量最高,而丰度高值区出现在湾顶部;11月份,生物量和丰度的平面分布相对均匀。浮游动物种类多样性指数有明显的季节变化,其动态变化与浮游动物种数和丰度的变化一致。微型浮游动物对浮游植物存在摄食压力,且有季节变化,摄食率的变化在0．18．0．68d^-1,微型浮游动物的摄食率低于相同季节的浮游植物生长率。微型浮游动物对浮游植物摄食压力的变化范围为16．1％-49．1％d^-1,对初级生产力摄食压力的变化在58．3％-83．6％d^-1。11月份,微型浮游动物对浮游植物和初级生产力的摄食压力均出现最高值。     

Distribution, biomass and primary production of an Ahnfeltia tobuchiensis (Ahnfeltiales, Rhodophyta) population in the Bay of Izmena, Kunashir Island

Regularities of distribution and primary production of an Ahnfeltia tobuchiensis (Kanno et Matsubara) Mak. population, an agar-containing red alga, were studied in the Bay ot Izmena. Experiments were conducted in a flow-through system under conditions similar to algal habitats. The population of A. tobuchiensis unattached to the ground may be from a few centimeters to as much as 1 m thick. It has been shown that only the upper part of a stratum 15–20 cm thick receives a sufficient amount ot light to realize its production potential. While 15–20% of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) of that falling on the water surface reaches the stratum surface, only 0.1% of PAR from that falling on the water surface penetrates through stratum 15 cm thick. It has been shown for A. tobuchiensis that its photosynthetic rate curve during the daytime mainly follows the PAR intensity curve. The highest values of photosynthetic rate have been measured in the afternoon when PAR reaches its maximum. It is noted that a stratum 15–20 cm thick has peak values ot net primary production (NPP) which averages 3.2 g C m^?2 day^?1. The total area of A. tobuchiensis population was 23.4 km², and its biomass was 125 000 tons in this area. On average, the NPP of the A. tobuchiensis population made up in summer and in autumn was 46.8 and 25.0% of its biomass, respectively.     

ULTRASTRUCTURE AND ECOLOGY OF AUREOCOCCUS ANOPHAGEFERENS GEN. ET SP. NOV. (CHRYSOPHYCEAE): THE DOMINANT PICOPLANKTER DURING A BLOOM IN NARRAGANSETT BAY,RHODE ISLAND,SUMMER 19851

Observations of a marked cessation of feeding in filter feeding animals maintained in flowing Narragansett Bay seawater in June 1985 drew our attention to a bloom of a golden alga 2 μm in diameter at unprecedented populations of 10⁹ cells. L^?1. This picoplankter lacked morphological features useful in discriminating it from other similar sized forms with either phase contrast or epifluorescence light microscopy. Natural populations of picoplankton, obtained from the height of the bloom until its decline, were examined in thin section with transmission electron microscopy. A cell with a single chloroplast, nucleus, and mitochondrion and an unusual exocellular polysaccharide-like layer was apparently the bloom alga. The ultrastructure of this alga is consistent with that of the Chrysophyceae, and a new genus and species, Aureococcus anophagefferens is described. Attempts to grow this previously unrecognized picoplanktonic alga as an obligate phototroph failed and only yielded cultures of other previously described picoalgae. Facultative and obligate phagotrophic protists with ingested cells of Aureococcus were only observed as the bloom waned and minute diatoms became common. Cells of A. anophagefferens with virus particles typical for picoalgae occurred throughout the bloom. Populations of the usually dominant photosynthetic picoplankter, the cyanobacterium Synechococcus Nägeli, were depressed during the bloom. This could be due in part to selective grazing on Synechococcus rather than Aureococcus by elevated populations of Calycomonas ovalis Wulff which accompanied the algal bloom.     

Four-million-year-Old hominids from East Lake Turkana,Kenya

A piece of mandible and several isolated teeth are reported from fluviatile sediments older than 4 million years at East Lake Turkana. They most closely resemble hominids from Laetoli, Tanzania and Hadar, Ethiopia which have been assigned to Australopithecus afarensis. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Foraging habits in a generalist predator: Sex and age influence habitat selection and resource use among bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)

This study examines resource use (diet, habitat use, and trophic level) within and among demographic groups (males, females, and juveniles) of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). We analyzed the δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values of 15 prey species constituting 84% of the species found in stomach contents. We used these data to establish a trophic enrichment factor (TEF) to inform dietary analysis using a Bayesian isotope mixing model. We document a TEF of 0‰ and 2.0‰ for δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N, respectively. The dietary results showed that all demographic groups relied heavily on low trophic level seagrass‐associated prey. Bayesian standard ellipse areas (SEA_b) were calculated to assess diversity in resource use. The SEA_b of females was nearly four times larger than that of males indicating varied resource use, likely a consequence of small home ranges and habitat specialization. Juveniles possessed an intermediate SEA_b, generally feeding at a lower trophic level compared to females, potentially an effect of natal philopatry and immature foraging skills. The small SEA_b of males reflects a high degree of specialization on seagrass associated prey. Patterns in resource use by the demographic groups are likely linked to differences in the relative importance of social and ecological factors.     

Nutrient release rates from the sediments of Saginaw Bay,Lake Huron

Direct measurements of net production rates and pore water profiles of solutes in the fine-grained sediments of Saginaw Bay, imply corresponding steady-state fluxes to the overlying water of 1.1–1.3 (I), 450–1010 (NH₄ ⁺), 1250–2650 (Si(OH)₄), 3000–3400 (Ca²⁺), 440–1330 (Mg²⁺), 1.5–728 (Fe²⁺), and 179–281 (Mn²⁺) moles/m²/day and 11.0–11.8 (alkalinity) meq/m²/day at 17.5 °C. Silica production rates in sediments apparently follow first order kinetics with a rate coefficient of 0.09/day and a steady-state silica concentration of 1.2 mM at 23.5°C. The remaining solutes follow kinetics approximately independent of solute concentration over the range of concentrations observed. Measured solute production rates are consistent with observed solute profiles only if lateral diffusion gradients are maintained in the sediments by the burrowing and irrigation activity of benthic organisms such asChironomous, the dominant burrower in Saginaw Bay. Assuming that solute fluxes from Saginaw Bay are representative of all of the post-glacial sediments of Lake Huron, the iodine flux from sediments is comparable to the total fluvial input of iodine. The extrapolated silica fluxes from Lake Huron sediments balance the estimated biogenic silica flux to the sediments.     

点源污染对胶州湾海水体系中不同形态重金属富集的影响

对胶州湾水体中悬浮颗粒物、柱状沉积物和底栖生物中重金属的污染与富集状况进行了分析与评价.结果表明:大量未处理的废水污水的排放入海与陆源物质向外海的有限扩散直接导致了点污染源对水体及生物体中重金属的富集.悬浮物中重金属的富集已明显受到人为因素的影响;柱状样的人为影响因子表明河口区沉积物的污染状况较其它海区重;胶州湾底栖生物体内重金属的含量与离污染源的远近有关系,底栖生物菲律宾蛤仔对重金属Cd的富集能力大于其它金属.     

A life history model for the San Francisco Estuary population of the Chinese mitten crab, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eriocheir sinensis</Emphasis> (Decapoda: Grapsoidea)

First discovered in San Francisco Bay in 1992, the Chinese mitten crab,Eriocheir sinensis, has become established over hundreds of km² of the San Francisco Estuary. Ecological and economic impacts of this invasive species motivated our search for a greater understanding of the crabs life history as an important step in better management and control. Data for this life history model comes from the authors research and scientific literature. Juvenile crabs migrate from the Estuary into fresh water where they develop into adults. Environmental signals may stimulate gonad development that is followed by a downstream migration beginning at the end of summer. Mating occurs after the crabs reach saline water. Embryos are carried until hatching, and the larvae undergo five zoeal stages before settlement. Our model projects rates of development at various temperatures and growth increments, supports a minimum of 2 years in low salinity or freshwater habitat, and predicts that most California mitten crabs are at least 3 years old before becoming sexually mature. Environmental factors strongly influence the timing and duration of the crabs life stages, and are discussed in the context of a gradient of development times for worldwide populations of this important invasive species.     

太湖贡湖湾食物网特征研究

应用稳定性同位素技术(13C和15N)研究了太湖贡湖湾食物网特征, 结果显示由于食物来源变化多样性影响, 导致贡湖的食物网结构和营养级关系变化较为复杂, 贡湖主要生物类群13C、15N值表现出较大的种间差异。消费者13C值从摇蚊幼虫的-32.3到锯齿米虾的-22.1, 其值大小与营养级的关系没有规律性。消费者平均15N值从褶纹冠蚌的10.3到位于顶端间下鳙的19.0, 随营养级位置而升高。群落中所有种类的15N、13C值之间没有相关性(r=0.1835, P0.05), 表明该食物网是非线性食物网。研究结果验证了杂食性生物有机体普遍存在于富营养化的贡湖水域生态系统中, 且13C结果表明, 浮游植物、固着藻类以及沉水植物为贡湖食物网中大多数生物有机体的主要碳源。贡湖食物链长度为4.44营养级。     

海州湾近岸海域的微生物群落结构和抗生素抗性基因时空变化

【背景】近岸海域抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)的污染和累积将直接影响海产品质量和安全,海州湾作为江苏省的四大渔场之一,是江苏渔业发展的主要载体,有多条大小河流注入,沿岸为重要农业区,对公众健康产生重大影响。【目的】对海州湾夏秋季的水样及沉积物展开微生物及ARGs检测。【方法】基于宏基因组测序技术开展海州湾夏秋两季近岸6个站点中水体和沉积物中ARGs种类和相对丰度以及微生物群落的组成研究。【结果】变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)是夏秋季度两种介质中最优势的门类,水样中优势的科级细菌为红细菌科(Rhodobacteraceae),沉积物样品中为脱硫杆菌科(Desulfobacteraceae);夏季水样中的ARGs相对丰度要明显高于秋季,但沉积物中不同季节的ARGs相对丰度未表现出明显的变化趋势;在水样中主要门级微生物群落的抗性机制主要是抗生素靶位替换和抗生素靶位保护,沉积物样品则以抗生素灭活机制为主,而主要科级微生物群落的抗性机制更加多样;冗余分析(redundancyanalysis...