不同发病时期溃疡性结肠炎患者肠道菌群差异及对血清TLRs/NFκB和SOCS3 及Cingulin蛋白水平的影响

目的分析溃疡性结肠炎(UC)患者不同发病时期肠道菌群的差异,同时研究菌群变化及对患者血清TLRs/NFκB、SOCS3、Cingulin蛋白水平的影响。方法选取2015年5月至2017年2月在我院确诊的UC患者为研究对象。将活动性溃疡性结肠炎(AUC)患者和缓解性溃疡性结肠炎(RUC)患者按病情不同分为AUC组(48例)和RUC组(42例)。选取同期在我院发现的结肠息肉患者作为对照组(50例)。对3组患者的肠道菌群分布、Cingulin蛋白表达量、肠黏膜中TLRs/NFκB的表达量和外周血中SOCS3及TNFα水平进行对比。结果UC患者(AUC组及RUC组)肠道大肠埃希菌数量高于对照组,双歧杆菌数量低于对照组;同时RUC组患者肠道乳杆菌数量低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。AUC、RUC组患者结肠组织中Cingulin蛋白的表达量分别为145.06±18.06和122.09±9.07,均显著高于对照组的85.17±8.17;同时AUC、RUC组患者结肠组织中Cingulin蛋白表达量的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。AUC组和RUC组患者病変肠黏膜中TLR2、TLR4、TLR5、TLR9、NFκB的mRNA表达量均显著高于对照组,同时AUC组患者病変肠黏膜中TLR2、TLR4、TLR5、TLR9、NFκB的mRNA表达量高于RUC组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。RUC组患者外周血SOCS3水平高于对照组,AUC组和RUC组患者外周血TNFα水平显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论TNFα、SOCS3可能参与UC的病程,其在UC患者中存在高表达现象,可导致人体肠道菌群出现紊乱,最终引发人体多部位的炎症应激反应。     

不同时期北部湾日本带鱼营养生态位差异

基于2008—2009年和2018年对北部湾日本带鱼的采样,通过测定碳氮稳定同位素,计算其营养级、营养生态位等指标,对比分析10年前后日本带鱼营养生态位的差异,探究其生态适应能力的变动。结果表明: 2个时期北部湾日本带鱼碳稳定同位素(δ¹³C)值差异明显,2018年δ¹³C值范围变窄,平均值变小,推测日本带鱼食物来源由偏中上层向偏中下层水域转变;氮稳定同位素(δ¹⁵N)值的范围和平均值基本保持不变,营养级范围和平均值(3.38和3.43)变化不明显,说明近10年来北部湾日本带鱼在生态系统中的营养层次比较稳定。日本带鱼δ¹³C值与肛长相关性不显著,δ¹⁵N则为极显著正相关性。在营养生态位方面,2018年的生态位指标均出现不同程度的下降,下降幅度的范围为1.1%~32.1%;生态位总面积和核心生态位面积分别由20.20和4.68缩小至14.20和3.18,说明北部湾日本带鱼的营养生态位发生了显著变化,对资源利用能力和环境适应能力下降。推测,10年来北部湾日本带鱼的营养级变化不明显,但由于食物来源发生变化,营养来源多样性下降,营养生态位变小。     

不同磷水平下玉米-大豆间作系统根系形态变化

本研究通过盆栽试验,探讨不同磷水平(0、50、100 mg P₂O₅·kg^-1,分别用P₀、P₅₀、P₁₀₀表示)下玉米与大豆间作系统根系形态的变化及其与磷吸收的关系,以明确玉米-大豆间作系统促进磷吸收的作用机制。结果表明: 不同磷水平下,间作显著改变了玉米和大豆的根系形态参数,提高了大豆根冠比。与单作模式相比,间作使玉米和大豆的根长、根表面积、根体积、根系干重分别显著增加25.6%、22.0%、39.2%、34.3%和28.1%、29.7%、37.3%、62.3%,而平均根直径分别显著降低15.2%和11.7%。不同磷水平下,磷素吸收当量比(LER_P)>1,玉米-大豆间作具有明显的磷吸收优势,且LER_P不受磷水平调控。间作诱导根系形态改变与磷吸收增加密切相关,其中玉米根系表面积增大、大豆根系长度增加是驱动玉米-大豆间作系统磷高效吸收的主要机制。根据回归方程,玉米根表面积和大豆根系长度增大10%,磷吸收量提高5%～10%。因此,与中等施磷水平(P₁₀₀)下的单作相比,玉米-大豆间作条件下磷肥减施1/2(P₅₀)并未降低玉米的磷吸收量。综上,玉米-大豆间作体系在减施磷肥条件下具有维持作物磷吸收的潜力。     

Morphology and Genetic Diversity of Phragmites australis in Beijing

为探明北京地区芦苇(Phragmites australis)的资源状态和多样性, 实地考察北京主要河流、湿地和水库, 发现北京地区芦苇总生长面积已超过600 hm²。芦苇染色体倍性以八倍体为主, 四倍体次之。在面积较大的湿地内, 八倍体单一芦苇群落占据优势地位; 而在城市的浅河内有形态和遗传性多样的混合种群。研究表明, 植物性状和倍性水平之间无显著相关性。在小清河发现了6种形态各异的芦苇克隆, 均属于叶绿体DNA片段的P单倍型; 其单倍体基因组大小为(0.499±0.019) pg, 变异系数为3.8%。这表明表型与单倍型之间也不具相关性。此外, 发现1个具有变叶特性的芦苇, 将其命名为金条芦苇。北京地区芦苇形态和遗传多样性为研究芦苇基因型与环境适应性之间的关系提供了珍贵的资源。     

Wildfires in the Early Triassic of northeastern Pangaea: Evidence from fossil charcoal in the Bogda Mountains,northwestern China

Fires are an integral part of modern and ancient ecosystems, serving as friends for renewal or foes for complete destruction and extinction. Indicators of palaeowildfire were so far absent from the Lower Triassic. Lack of plants in the Early Triassic due to the end-Permian mass extinction event and low atmospheric oxygen levels were proposed as the major reasons for the scarcity of wildfires. We present macroscopic charcoals from the Olenekian (Lower Triassic) in northwestern China, indicating probable ground/smoldering fires occurred on landscapes in mid-latitudes of northeastern Pangaea. Atmospheric oxygen concentration during the Olenekian would have been above 18.5%. These findings demonstrate that wildfires continued to be a source of disturbance of terrestrial ecosystems in Bogda Mountains after the end-Permian marine biotic crisis. There were adequate supplies of fuels and oxygen during this critical time period in the Earth history.     

Understanding the binding interaction between phenyl boronic acid P1 and sugars: determination of association and dissociation constants using S–V plots,steady‐state spectroscopic methods and molecular docking

Continuous monitoring of glucose and sugar sensing plays a vital role in diabetes control. The drawbacks of the present enzyme‐based sugar sensors have encouraged the investigation into alternate approaches to design new sensors. The popularity of fluorescence sensors is due to their ability to bind reversibly to compounds containing diol. In this study we investigated the binding ability of phenyl boronic acid P1 for monosaccharides and disaccharides (sugars) in aqueous medium at physiological pH 7.4 using steady‐state fluorescence and absorbance. P1 fluorescence was quenched due to formation of esters with sugars. Absorbance and fluorescence measurements led to results that indicated that the sugars studied could be ordered in terms of their affinity to P1, as stated: sucrose > lactose > galactose > xylose > ribose > arabinose. In each case, the slope of modified Stern–Volmer plots was nearly 1, indicating the presence of only a single binding site in boronic acids for sugars. Docking studies were carried out using Schrodinger Maestro v.11.2 software. The binding affinity of phenyl boronic acid P1 with periplasmic protein (PDB ID 2IPM and 2IPL) was estimated using GlideScore.     

生物多样性相关传统知识调查与评估: 以澜沧与康定两县域为例

本研究依据《县域生物多样性相关传统知识调查与评估技术规定》, 调查评估了云南省澜沧县和四川省康定市两县域生物多样性相关传统知识的分布数量与特征, 分析了传统知识保护与传承状况, 识别了主要受威胁因素和保护空缺, 旨在为我国传统知识保护和民族地区实施传统知识获取与惠益分享制度提供科学依据, 推动《生物多样性公约》与《名古屋议定书》等国际公约的履行。研究结果如下: 分别调查编目澜沧县、康定市的生物多样性相关传统知识145项、98项; 这些传统知识具有明显的地区气候与自然环境特征、生产生活实践特征、传统文化特征和地区社会经济特征; 相关部门在传统知识保护管理方面做出了积极努力, 同时包括习惯法、传统节庆等传统文化和包括祭祀、神山、神林等宗教方式在内的地方社区行动在传统知识保护与传承方面也发挥了重要作用; 生物多样性相关传统知识、创新和做法已被广泛应用于地方社区脱贫攻坚和产业发展; 传统知识保护立法仍不健全、受到威胁、保护意识薄弱及承载传统知识的生物资源减少是制约传统知识保护传承的主要因素。两县域生物多样性相关传统知识丰富, 并且地方社区有效参与了生物多样性相关传统知识的保护与可持续利用。今后应建立传统知识获取与惠益分享国家制度; 加强宣传教育, 提升保护传承意识; 因地制宜开展传统知识保护; 推动传统知识相关生物资源的保护与可持续利用。     

How to Deal with Resource Productivity

Resource productivity enhancement stands at the center of tackling issues on environmental pollution and resource scarcity. Identifying influential socioeconomic factors should be the first step in establishing and improving resource management policy. This study compares and analyzes data from multiple countries to construct a resource productivity simulation model. The socioeconomic factors and their characteristic patterns are discussed in detail. The results demonstrate that the major factors influencing resource productivity include income level, population density, economic structure, energy structure, and raw material trade. Among these factors, the three most important are income level, population density, and economic structure. The influencing patterns can be summarized as follows: (1) Resource productivity increases with increasing income levels. (2) Countries with high population density are inclined to demonstrate high resource productivity. (3) The economic structure shows a biphase influence on resource productivity, that is, during industrialization, decreased agricultural activity and increased industrial activity lead to higher resource productivity. On the other hand, after industrialization, decreasing industrial activity and an expanding service sector become the major impetus of resource productivity enhancement. (4) Raw material export demonstrates a negative effect on resource productivity. Countries that depend heavily on raw material export show a unique resource productivity evolution pattern. For these countries, relatively high resource productivity in low income phases and relatively low resource productivity in high income phases show only small increases in resource efficiency and economic growth. Finally, insights from the study are transformed into suggestions for sustainable resource management and resource productivity enhancement.     

A partnership project for a new Red List of the Italian Flora

Abstract

The IUCN Red Lists assessment provides an internationally accepted system to verify the extinction risk of species. Working Groups of the Italian Botanical Society have recently discussed the importance of producing a reliable list of species at the national level. This list could be the starting point for future in situ and ex situ plant conservation activities.