桂西南岩溶山地不同土地利用方式土壤微生物量及其活性特征

以广西平果县石漠化典型岩溶山地为研究区域,选择海拔接近的稀疏次生林地、灌丛、荒草地、裸地和农田等5种主要土地利用方式为研究对象,研究土壤微生物生物量及其活性的变异特征。结果表明:在不同土地利用方式下,随着植被的恢复,土壤养分含量不断提高,大小顺序表现为次生林>灌丛>农田>荒草地>裸地。土壤微生物量和呼吸强度变化显著(P<0.05),其中微生物量总体呈上升趋势,次生林和灌丛增幅较大,荒草地和裸地增幅较小;土壤基础呼吸强度除荒草地之外均显著增加,和土壤养分含量的变化趋势相一致。代谢熵(qCO2)变化规律不同,大小关系表现为:灌丛>农田>次生林>荒草地>裸地。不同土地利用方式下,由于相应地上、地下资源输入等环境因素的改变导致了土壤微生物量的差异性。为实现桂西南石漠化地区岩溶山地土壤生态系统的健康发展,从土壤生物学角度出发,积极推进植被生态恢复工程,尽可能减少人为活动对土地的干扰程度更有利于提高土壤质量。     

海拔对辽东栎林地土壤微生物群落的影响

以北京东灵山辽东栎林地土壤为对象,运用氯仿熏蒸-浸提法及磷脂脂肪酸分析(PLFA)法,研究林木生长季节土壤微生物群落随海拔梯度的变化特征.结果表明:随着海拔升高,辽东栎林土壤微生物生物量碳、氮,以及微生物各类群含量均有差异但不显著;土壤细菌/真菌升高,而革兰氏阳性菌(G+)/革兰氏阴性菌(G-)降低.土壤微生物生物量碳、氮以及细菌、真菌、G+细菌、G-细菌的含量与土壤含水量、有机碳、全氮呈显著正相关,土壤真菌含量与土壤碳氮比值呈正相关.土壤微生物群落组成结构(细菌/真菌和G+细菌/G-细菌)的变化主要受土壤温度和土壤含水量的显著影响,说明土壤微生物群落结构对环境条件的变化敏感.随着全球变暖的加剧,暖温带辽东栎林地土壤真菌和G+细菌的比例有升高的趋势.     

Effect of bioaccumulation of cadmium on biomass productivity,essential trace elements,chlorophyll biosynthesis,and macromolecules of wheat seedlings

Soil contamination with heavy metals has become a worldwide problem, leading to losses in agricultural yield and hazardous human health effects as they enter the food chain. The present investigation was undertaken to examine the influence of cadmium (Cd²⁺) on the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plant. Cd²⁺ accumulation and distribution in 3-wk-old seedlings grown in nutrient medium containing varying concentrations of Cd²⁺ (control, 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/L) was monitored. The effect of varying Cd²⁺ concentrations up to 21 d on biomass productivity, plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, protein, amino acids, starch, soluble sugars, and essential nutrients uptake was studied in detail to explore the level up to which the plant can withstand the stress of heavy metal. Plants treated with 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/L Cd²⁺ showed symptoms of heavy-metal toxicity as observed by various morphological parameters which were recorded with the growth of plants. The root, shoot-leaf length and the root, shoot-leaf biomass progressively decreased with increasing Cd²⁺ concentration in the nutrient medium. Cd²⁺ uptake and accumulation was found to be maximum during the initial growth period. Cd²⁺ also interfered with the nutrients uptake, especially calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), potassium (K⁺), iron (Fe²⁺), zinc (Zn²⁺), and manganese (Mn²⁺) from the growth medium. Growth reduction and altered levels of major biochemical constituents such as chlorophyll, protein, free amino acids, starch, and soluble sugars that play a major role in plant metabolism were observed in response to varying concentrations of Cd²⁺ in the nutrient medium. In the present study, the effects of Cd²⁺ on growth, biomass productivity, mineral nutrients, chlorophyll biosynthesis, protein, free amino acid, starch, and soluble sugars in wheat plants was estimated to establish an overall picture of the Cd²⁺ toxicity at structural and functional levels.     

有机无机肥配施提高麦-稻轮作系统中水稻氮肥利用率的机制

采用盆栽试验,研究了有机无机肥配施对麦-稻轮作系统中水稻氮素累积动态和土壤氮素供应动态的影响,并从微生物学角度探讨了有机无机肥协同提高水稻氮肥利用率的机制.结果表明：有机无机肥配施处理的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和矿质态氮在水稻分蘖期前低于化肥处理,而在抽穗期至灌浆期显著高于其他处理.土壤氮素供应动态与水稻吸收利用氮素规律吻合程度最高,促进了水稻产量、生物量和氮素累积量的增加,显著提高了水稻的氮肥利用率.其主要机制是有机无机肥配施促进了土壤微生物繁殖,使其在水稻生育前期固持了较多的矿质氮,在水稻生育中、后期这些氮素逐渐被释放以供水稻吸收利用,较好地满足了水稻各阶段生长发育对氮素养分的需求.     

抚育间伐对长白落叶松人工林土壤碳、氮及其组分的影响

抚育间伐作为重要的森林经营措施之一,能够改变林分结构和稳定性,进而影响森林生态系统的生物地球化学循环.然而,抚育间伐对森林土壤碳、氮循环的影响程度如何尚不明确,尤其缺少长期试验结果报道.本研究以黑龙江省孟家岗林场经过4种不同强度和频度的抚育间伐处理后的60年生长白落叶松人工林为研究对象(4次低强度的间伐,LT4;3次中等强度的间伐,MT3;2次高强度间伐,HT2;不进行间伐的对照,CK),从酸水解法划分土壤碳、氮库(活性碳、氮库Ⅰ,活性碳、氮库Ⅱ和惰性碳、氮库)的角度研究了抚育间伐对长白落叶松人工林土壤总有机碳、全氮的影响机制.结果表明: 抚育间伐显著增加了土壤有机碳和全氮含量,增幅分别高达48.7%～50.3%和28.9%～42.7%.抚育间伐均增加了3种碳、氮组分的含量,而增加的程度因碳、氮组分和抚育间伐措施的不同而异.与活性碳库Ⅰ和活性碳库Ⅱ的增加程度相比,惰性碳库的增加程度最大,LT4、MT3和HT2处理下惰性碳库分别增加71%、69%和75%.此外,抚育间伐也显著增加了惰性碳占土壤总有机碳的比例.LT4显著提高了土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量和微生物熵,而MT3和HT2对微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵却无显著影响.抚育间伐可能通过产生较多的粗木质残体于土体中,增加土壤木栓质和木质素等顽固组分的输入,进而导致土壤惰性碳含量增加,降低有机质的分解,最终导致土壤有机碳增加.     

两种立地条件下麻栎人工林地上部分养分的积累和分配

麻栎(Quercus acutissima)是一种分布广、用途大、耐干旱瘠薄的乔木树种, 掌握其生长规律和养分利用特性对麻栎人工林的科学经营十分必要。对安徽省滁州市红琊山林场两种立地条件下的麻栎人工林的生长和养分状况进行了对比研究, 结果表明: 在土壤含石量较高、养分含量较少的立地条件下, 12年生的麻栎人工林地上部分生物量为49 180.2 kg·hm^-2; 林木养分总累积量为633.9 kg·hm^-2, 其中N、P、K、Ca、Mg的累积量分别为119.9、18.7、88.5、368.6和38.2 kg·hm^-2。在土壤含石量较少、养分含量较高的立地条件下, 12年生麻栎人工林地上部分生物量为90 774.8 kg·hm^-2; 林木养分总累积量为993.6 kg·hm^-2, 其中N、P、K、Ca、Mg的累积量分别为203.5、23.0、146.9、553.6和66.6 kg·hm^-2。所以, 立地条件对麻栎生长和养分累积具有显著影响。较差立地条件下的麻栎对土壤养分的富集系数较大, 但其凋落物的养分含量较低。研究显示, 麻栎可以通过养分奢侈吸收、提高养分内循环、减少养分损失等途径来适应低养分环境。     

Global‐scale patterns of nutrient density and partitioning in forests in relation to climate

Knowledge of nutrient storage and partitioning in forests is imperative for ecosystem models and ecological theory. Whether the nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) stored in forest biomass and their partitioning patterns vary systematically across climatic gradients remains unknown. Here, we explored the global‐scale patterns of nutrient density and partitioning using a newly compiled dataset including 372 forest stands. We found that temperature and precipitation were key factors driving the nutrients stored in living biomass of forests at global scale. The N, K, and Mg stored in living biomass tended to be greater in increasingly warm climates. The mean biomass N density was 577.0, 530.4, 513.2, and 336.7 kg/ha for tropical, subtropical, temperate, and boreal forests, respectively. Around 76% of the variation in biomass N density could be accounted by the empirical model combining biomass density, phylogeny (i.e., angiosperm, gymnosperm), and the interaction of mean annual temperature and precipitation. Climate, stand age, and biomass density significantly affected nutrients partitioning at forest community level. The fractional distribution of nutrients to roots decreased significantly with temperature, suggesting that forests in cold climates allocate greater nutrients to roots. Gymnosperm forests tended to allocate more nutrients to leaves as compared with angiosperm forests, whereas the angiosperm forests distributed more nutrients in stems. The nutrient‐based Root:Shoot ratios (R:S), averaged 0.30 for R:S_N, 0.36 for R:S_P, 0.32 for R:S_K, 0.27 for R:S_Ca, and 0.35 for R:S_Mg, respectively. The scaling exponents of the relationships describing root nutrients as a function of shoot nutrients were more than 1.0, suggesting that as nutrient allocated to shoot increases, nutrient allocated to roots increases faster than linearly with nutrient in shoot. Soil type significantly affected the total N, P, K, Ca, and Mg stored in living biomass of forests, and the Acrisols group displayed the lowest P, K, Ca, and Mg.     

KIRA指标的拓展及其在中国植被与气候关系研究中的应用

根据Kira以月平均气温5℃为界的热量指数和干湿度指数概念,提出了以月平均气温10℃为界的生物热量指数,包括生物温暖指数(BWI)和生物寒冷指数(BCI),并修正其干湿度指数为生物干湿度指数(BK).利用中国689个标准气象台站的资料,分析我国主要植被类型分布与热量因子和干湿度因子的关系,得出两者之间较好的相关性,生物温暖指数、寒冷指数和干湿度指数的散点图较好地表现了中国各植被类型与气候指标的关系和格局.以10℃为界的生物温暖指数不仅对我国森林植被的地理分布和温度气候带的划分具有较好的指示作用,而且对西南部高山、亚高山地区的植被与气候关系指示性较强;生物寒冷指数则对亚热带和热带的指示性很好,能够较好区分亚热带南部及热带地区;由热量指数和降水量综合得出的生物干湿度指数,对中国西北部干旱、半干旱区以至全国的植被分布与水分、热量因子的关系分析有较好的应用价值.     

中国主要五针松群落学特征及其生物量的研究

本文根据现有的文献资料,系统地分析了中国五针松的分布．群落学特征,按不同分布区、不同群落类型探讨了中国五针松的群落生物量和年净生产量及在群落的不同层次上的分布．比较分析了不同分布区五针松的年干物质累积速度（ＮＰ／Ｂ）．结果表明：１１５─１３５ａ生的阔叶红松林群落生物量在９７．０９─１２０．５１ｔ／ｈｍ￣２之间,年净生产量在８．６９８─１０．３４ｔ／ｈｍ￣２．ａ之间,年净生产量长白山山脉沙松、鹅耳枥红松林＞小兴安岭南坡枫桦、水曲柳红松林＞小兴安岭北坡云杉、冷杉红松林;３０─３６ａ生的华山松林群落生物量在７８．７５─９４．７３ｔ／ｈｍ￣２之间,年净生产量在４．９９３─５．５３７ｔ／ｈｍ￣２．ａ之间,年净生产量贵州山地常绿阔叶华山松林＞秦岭中山地阔叶华山松林＞甘肃小陇山针阔叶华山松林．ＮＰ／Ｂ值：长白山山脉的阔叶红松林＞小兴安岭山脉的阔叶红松林;秦岭中山地阔叶华山松林＞甘肃小陇山针阔华山松林＞贵州中山地常绿阔叶华山松林．     

Root exudate cocktails: the link between plant diversity and soil microorganisms?

Higher plant diversity is often associated with higher soil microbial biomass and diversity, which is assumed to be partly due to elevated root exudate diversity. However, there is little experimental evidence that diversity of root exudates shapes soil microbial communities. We tested whether higher root exudate diversity enhances soil microbial biomass and diversity in a plant diversity gradient, thereby negating significant plant diversity effects on soil microbial properties. We set up plant monocultures and two‐ and three‐species mixtures in microcosms using functionally dissimilar plants and soil of a grassland biodiversity experiment in Germany. Artificial exudate cocktails were added by combining the most common sugars, organic acids, and amino acids found in root exudates. We applied four different exudate cocktails: two exudate diversity levels (low‐ and high‐diversity) and two nutrient‐enriched levels (carbon‐ and nitrogen‐enriched), and a control with water only. Soil microorganisms were more carbon‐ than nitrogen‐limited. Cultivation‐independent fingerprinting analysis revealed significantly different soil microbial communities among exudate diversity treatments. Most notably and according to our hypothesis, adding diverse exudate cocktails negated the significant plant diversity effect on soil microbial properties. Our findings provide the first experimental evidence that root exudate diversity is a crucial link between plant diversity and soil microorganisms.