间作植物和茬口对连作党参生长和品质产量的影响

选择两种茬口(轮作茬、连作茬)和6种植物材料(党参、大蒜、玉米、黄芪、苦参、向日葵),组成党参单作和间作6种种植模式,设置茬口和间作模式两因素田间随机区组试验,通过监测不同生长时期党参的生长指标(蔓长、主根长、主根直径、地下部分鲜干重)、根部产量及品质指标(根部多糖含量、炔苷含量、醇溶性浸出物含量和灰分含量)的变化衡量不同茬口和间作植物对党参连作障碍的缓解效应。结果表明：(1)轮作茬口下党参单作及各间作处理对党参生长、品质和产量的改善效果都较连作茬口下明显,且两茬口下各间作处理的改善效果都较党参单作明显。(2)与向日葵、大蒜和玉米间作处理对两茬口党参的主根长、主根直径、地下部分鲜干重的提升效果比党参单作和其余间作处理(与黄芪、苦参间作)更显著。(3)大蒜和向日葵间作处理能够显著提高两茬口党参根部产量,尤其大蒜表现最优,与其间作的轮作茬和连作茬党参分别较各自对照增产49.92%和22.55%。(4)与大蒜间作能有效提升两茬口党参根部多糖含量、炔苷含量和醇溶性浸出物的含量,党参单作和其余间作处理对两茬口连作党参的品质提升效果不及大蒜间作处理理想。研究发现,从党参长势及根部产量和品质综合分析,两茬口下党参与大蒜间作最有利于党参植株生长,能有效缓解党参连作障碍,并显著提高其药用部位的产量和品质,且轮作茬口下的提高效应更明显。     

MIXED MODEL APPROACHES FOR ESTIMATING GENETIC VARIANCES AND COVARIANCES

The limitations of methods for analysis of variance(ANOVA)in estimating genetic variances are discussed. Among the three methods(maximum likelihood ML, restricted maximum likelihood REML, and minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimation MINQUE)for mixed linear models, MINQUE method is presented with formulae for estimating variance components and covariances components and for predicting genetic effects. Several genetic models, which cannot be appropriately analyzed by ANOVA methods, are introduced in forms of mixed linear models. Genetic models with independent random effects can be analyzed by MINQUE(1)method whieh is a MINQUE method with all prior values setting 1. MINQUE(1)method can give unbiased estimation for variance components and covariance components, and linear unbiased prediction (LUP) for genetic effects. There are more complicate genetic models for plant seeds which involve correlated random effects. MINQUE(0/1)method, which is a MINQUE method with all prior covariances setting 0 and all prior variances setting 1, is suitable for estimating variance and covariance components in these models. Mixed model approaches have advantage over ANOVA methods for the capacity of analyzing unbalanced data and complicated models. Some problems about estimation and hypothesis test by MINQUE method are discussed.     

葡萄酒发酵过程中酵母菌之间相互抑制作用的研究

目的确定葡萄酒发酵过程中不同酵母间相互抑制作用产生的原因。方法采用透析袋发酵法通过单因素实验、上清液抑菌实验和双向电泳等方法,确立溶氧、酒精度、pH、氮源、生存空间以及分泌蛋白等因素对非酿酒酵母衰亡的诱导作用。结果溶氧、酒精、pH、氮源及生存空间的竞争并不是非酿酒酵母提前衰亡的主要原因,酿酒酵母菌产生的代谢产物对非酿酒酵母的提前衰亡具有很强的诱导作用。结论酿酒酵母分泌的分子量小于10kDa的代谢产物和一些分子量超过10 kDa的蛋白类物质均对克鲁维酵母等非酿酒酵母的衰亡具有诱导作用。     

不同大豆连作年限对黑土细菌群落结构的影响

大豆连作导致作物产量下降、病原微生物富集和土壤退化等问题日趋严重。然而,目前关于大豆连作对土壤细菌群落结构组成及多样性分布的影响及发生机制尚不清楚。采用高通量测序技术,对大豆连作(不同年限)和大豆-玉米轮作下的黑土细菌16S rRNA基因进行测序分析。结果表明:轮作5年(CR5)和13年长期连作(CC13)处理显著增加了土壤pH、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)和速效养分(AN、AP和AK)含量。与短期连作相比,CR5和CC13处理均提高了细菌群落的OTUs数量、PD值、Chao1指数和Shannon指数。聚类分析图谱结果显示细菌群落结构组成受到轮作和连作年限的双重影响,而土壤pH、TN、TP、AN、AP和AK是细菌群落结构发生变化的主要驱动因子(P0.05)。此外,VPA分析发现上述土壤因子中,土壤pH对细菌群落结构变化的贡献度最大。本研究证明大豆长期连作提高了土壤养分含量和细菌群落的丰富度和多样性指数,从分子生物学的角度证实大豆长期连作在一定程度上改善了土壤环境,为大豆连作障碍的研究提供了理论依据。     

A mixed finite element formulation for a non-linear,transversely isotropic material model for the cardiac tissue

In this paper we present a mixed finite element method for modeling the passive properties of the myocardium. The passive properties are described by a non-linear, transversely isotropic, hyperelastic material model, and the myocardium is assumed to be almost incompressible. Single-field, pure displacement-based formulations are known to cause numerical difficulties when applied to incompressible or slightly compressible material cases. This paper presents an alternative approach in the form of a mixed formulation, where a separately interpolated pressure field is introduced as a primary unknown in addition to the displacement field. Moreover, a constraint term is included in the formulation to enforce (almost) incompressibility. Numerical results presented in the paper demonstrate the difficulties related to employing a pure displacement-based method, applying a set of physically relevant material parameter values for the cardiac tissue. The same problems are not experienced for the proposed mixed method. We show that the mixed formulation provides reasonable numerical results for compressible as well as nearly incompressible cases, also in situations of large fiber stretches. There is good agreement between the numerical results and the underlying analytical models.     

Interaction of bradykinin with sodium dodecyl sulfate and certain acidic lipids

The striking change in the circular dichroism (CD) of bradykinin (BK) occasioned by its interaction with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is evidently due in large part to a change in the conformation of the C-terminal tetrapeptide moiety of the hormone. The full change in CD is induced by the binding of two molecules of monomeric SDS per peptide molecule, the complex being aggregated. Formation of the 1:2 BK-SDS complex apparently proceeds via intermediates of stoichiometry 1:1 and 2:1. The cooperative nature of the interaction is attributed to the SDS-promoted aggregation of BK. Electrostatic interactions with the Arg residues appear important for the binding reaction per se. CD reveals that BK also interacts with acidic lipids which bear a net electrical charge (e.g., cerebroside sulfate and phosphatidyl inositol) but not with lipids bearing no net charge (e.g., cerebroside and phosphatidyl choline). The interactions are with particular mixed micelles of the lipid and the nonionic surfactant used for their solubilization, micellar size and structure being examined by surface tensiometry and electron microscopy.     

丛枝菌根真菌对西瓜嫁接苗生长和根系防御性酶活性的影响

在温室盆栽条件下,研究丛枝菌根(AM)真菌地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)对连作土壤中西瓜自根苗和嫁接苗生长、根系膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和防御性酶活性的影响.结果表明： 接种AM真菌能显著增加西瓜自根苗和嫁接苗的生物量,提高根系活力,降低根系膜透性和MDA含量.接种AM真菌的自根苗地上部鲜质量、地上部干质量和根系活力分别增加了57.6%、60.0%和142.1%,而接种AM真菌的嫁接苗分别增加了26.7%、28.0%和11.0%;自根苗（C）、嫁接苗（G）、接种AM真菌自根苗（C+M）和接种AM真菌嫁接苗（G+M）的根系细胞膜透性为C>G>C+M>G+M,根系MDA含量为C>G>G+M>C+M.接种AM真菌能提高西瓜自根苗和嫁接苗根系的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、几丁质酶和β 1,3 葡聚糖酶活性,而且接种AM真菌的西瓜自根苗和嫁接苗根系POD、PAL和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性的峰值比不接种的提前2周出现.接种AM真菌能激活西瓜自根苗和嫁接苗与抗逆性有关的防御性酶反应,使根系对逆境产生快速反应,从而提高其抗连作障碍的能力.     

甘肃省中部沿黄灌区轮作和连作马铃薯根际土壤真菌群落的结构性差异评估

甘肃省中部沿黄灌区是西北地区乃至全国重要的加工型马铃薯生产基地,然而因集约化种植带来的连作障碍问题已经严重影响到当地马铃薯种植业的可持续发展。采用大田试验与PCR-DGGE(Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis)技术相结合的方法,并通过真菌的18S r DNA序列分析,评估轮作(未连作)和连作条件下马铃薯根际土壤真菌群落在组成结构上的差异,以期为甘肃省中部沿黄灌区马铃薯连作的土壤障碍机理研究提供新证据。结果表明,同轮作相比,连作显著降低了马铃薯块茎产量和植株生物量,并且随着连作年限的延长,连作障碍也愈加严重。长期连作(6a)也导致马铃薯根冠比显著增加和植株收获指数的显著下降。在根际土壤真菌的种群数量和多样性上,连作和轮作间无显著差异,但在群落组成结构上差异明显。真菌18S r DNA测序分析进一步表明,马铃薯连作较轮作相比增加了Fusarium sp.和Fusarium solani以及Verticillium dahliae的种群或个体数量,而这些真菌是导致马铃薯土传病害的主要致病菌类型。根际土壤真菌群落组成结构的改变特别是与土传病害有关的致病菌滋生可能是导致当地马铃薯连作障碍的重要原因。     

环境样品中DNA的分离纯化和文库构建

采用研磨 /冻融和SDS/蛋白酶K热处理等理化方法 ,直接从性质不同的环境样品中提取和纯化混合基因组DNA。所获得纯品DNA的产量为每克样品 2～ 1 6μg。对纯品DNA进行限制性内切酶处理后 ,构建了以pUC1 8为载体的DNA文库。建库效率为从每克环境样品获得约 1 0 3～ 1 0 4 个含 3～ 8kb外源随机插入片段的克隆。通过DNA序列测定和基因注释 ,对从文库中随机选取的克隆进行了分析 ,发现外源插入片段均含序列未见报道的新基因。本文所做的尝试对于保存、研究和开发未培养微生物基因资源具有意义     

通过特异PCR扩增和16SrDNA序列分析检测动弯杆菌

细菌性阴道病(Bacterial Vaginosis,BV)是由于细菌过度生长所致阴道微生态非正常改变,从而导致的一类多微生物病(Polymicrobial Diseases)。动弯杆菌(Mobiluncus sp．)与BV发生有密切关系,但该菌为厌氧菌,营养要求苛刻,很难进行纯培养,国内鲜有研究报道。本文先对BV动物模型恒河猴阴道分泌物进行厌氧菌混合培养,抽提混合物染色体DNA,之后设计了一对动弯杆菌16SrRNA基因的特异性引物,用PCR的方法扩增出了特异片段。通过对扩增产物进行测序分析,确定检测出的为动弯杆菌,并且与羞怯动弯杆菌极为相似。