Regional differences in mitotic activity due to injury in mouse skin

Summary Mitotic activity adjacent to a wound inflicted at different sites in the mouse skin was measured 24 h after injury. A regional difference in the epidermal mitotic activity due to injury was noted. Mitotic activity was high in the anterior parts of the body including the head, lower in the middle to posterior regions of the body and lowest in the posterior-most parts of the body. Regional differences in epidermal mitotic activity due to injury were demonstrated in both female and male mice. The existence of a cranio-caudal gradient in epidermal response to injury is suggested.     

Cytogenetic effects of nine <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helichrysum</Emphasis> taxa in human lymphocytes culture

Helichrysum Mill. (Asteraceae) species have been used in folk medicine for thousands of years in the world. The in vitro cytogenetic effects in human lymphocytes of nine Helichrysum taxa used in Turkey folk medicine were investigated. Blood samples were obtained from healthy donors, non-smoking volunteers, which were incubated and exposed to increasing concentrations of methanol extracts of Helichrysum taxa (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/mL). The inhibitory effects of H. stoechas (L.) Moench subsp. barrelieri (Ten.) Nyman, H. armenium DC. subsp. armenium, H. armenium DC. subsp. araxinum (Kirp.) Takht., H. plicatum DC. subsp. plicatum, H. compactum Boiss. and H. artvinense P.H.Davis & Kupicha on the mitotic index and replication index indicate that these taxa can have genotoxic and mutagenic effects. They should therefore not be used freely in alternative medicine although their antiproliferative activity may suggest anticarcinogenic properties. Increase effects of H. stoechas subsp. barrelieri, H. armenium subsp. armenium, H. armenium subsp. araxinum, H. chasmolycicum P.H.Davis, H. plicatum subsp. plicatum, H. compactum and H. artvinense on the micronucleus rates showed that these taxa can have genotoxic and carcinogenic effects.     

不同肝血流阻断方式肝切除手术对原发性肝癌合并肝硬化患者肝功能及肠黏膜屏障的影响

目的:探讨肝切除手术运用Pringle法阻断、半肝血流阻断(HVC)后对原发性肝癌合并肝硬化患者肝功能及肠黏膜屏障的影响。方法:选取2016年4月～2019年9月期间我院收治的原发性肝癌合并肝硬化患者93例,根据随机数字表法将患者分为A组(n=46,Pringle法阻断)和B组(n=47,HVC),比较两组患者围术期指标、肝功能指标[谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)以及总胆红素(TBIL)]、肠黏膜屏障指标[D-乳酸,内毒素]及并发症发生情况。结果:两组阻断时间、术中失血量、手术时间比较无差异(P0.05);B组住院时间短于A组(P0.05)。两组术前、术后3 d、术后7 d ALT、AST、TBIL呈升高后降低趋势,且B组低于A组(P0.05)。两组患者术后并发症发生率比较无差异(P0.05)。两组术前、术后3 d、术后7dD-乳酸、内毒素呈升高后降低趋势,且B组低于A组(P0.05)。结论:与Pringle法阻断相比,原发性肝癌合并肝硬化患者在肝切除手术中运用HVC,可有效缩短住院时间,减轻肝功能及肠黏膜屏障损害,且不增加并发症发生率,临床应用价值较高。     

Mammalian egg coat modifications and the block to polyspermy

Fertilization by more than one sperm causes polyploidy, a condition that is generally lethal to the embryo in the majority of animal species. To prevent this occurrence, eggs have developed a series of mechanisms that block polyspermy at the level of the plasma membrane or their extracellular coat. In this review, we first introduce the mammalian egg coat, the zona pellucida (ZP), and summarize what is currently known about its composition, structure, and biological functions. We then describe how this specialized extracellular matrix is modified by the contents of cortical granules (CG), secretory organelles that are exocytosed by the egg after gamete fusion. This process releases proteases, glycosidases, lectins and zinc onto the ZP, resulting in a series of changes in the properties of the egg coat that are collectively referred to as hardening. By drawing parallels with comparable modifications of the vitelline envelope of nonmammalian eggs, we discuss how CG‐dependent modifications of the ZP are thought to contribute to the block to polyspermy. Moreover, we argue for the importance of obtaining more information on the architecture of the ZP, as well as systematically investigating the many facets of ZP hardening.     

Ion channels and signaling pathways used in the fast polyspermy block

Fertilization of an egg by multiple sperms, polyspermy, is lethal to most sexually reproducing species. To combat the entry of additional sperm into already fertilized eggs, organisms have developed various polyspermy blocks. One such barrier, the fast polyspermy block, uses a fertilization‐activated depolarization of the egg membrane to electrically inhibit supernumerary sperm from entering the egg. The fast block is commonly used by eggs of oviparous animals with external fertilization. In this review, we discuss the history of the fast block discovery, as well as general features shared by all organisms that use this polyspermy block. Given the diversity of habitats of external fertilizers, the fine details of the fast block‐signaling pathways differ drastically between species, including the identity of the depolarizing ions. We highlight the known molecular mediators of these signaling pathways in amphibians and echinoderms, with a fine focus on ion channels that signal these fertilization‐evoked depolarizations. We also discuss the investigation for a fast polyspermy block in mammals and teleost fish, and we outline potential fast block triggers. Since the first electrical recordings made on eggs in the 1950s, the fields of developmental biology and electrophysiology have substantially matured, and yet we are only now beginning to discern the intricate molecular mechanisms regulating the fast block to polyspermy.     

Physiological polyspermy: Selection of a sperm nucleus for the development of diploid genomes in amphibians

The union between a sperm and an egg nucleus in egg fertilization is necessary to mix genetic materials to create a new diploid genome for the next generation. In most animals, only one sperm is incorporated into the egg (monospermy), but several animals exhibit physiological polyspermy in which several sperms enter the egg during normal fertilization. However, only one sperm nucleus forms the zygote nucleus with the egg nucleus, even in a polyspermic egg. The cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the selection of sperm nuclei in the egg cytoplasm have been well investigated in urodele amphibians. The principal sperm nucleus develops a larger sperm aster and contacts the egg nucleus to form a zygote nucleus, whereas other accessory sperm nuclei are unable to approach the egg nucleus. The diploid zygote nucleus induces cleavage and participates in embryonic development, whereas the accessory sperm nuclei undergo pyknosis and degenerate. We propose several models to account for the mechanisms of the selection of one sperm nucleus and the degeneration of accessory sperm nuclei. The roles of physiological polyspermy in animal reproduction are discussed by comparison with other polyspermic species.     

Outflow-tract ventricular tachycardia: Can 12 lead ECG during sinus rhythm identify underlying cardiac sarcoidosis?

BackgroundPatients with outflow tract ventricular tachycardia (OTVT) with normal echocardiogram are labeled as idiopathic VT (IVT). However, a subset of these patients is subsequently diagnosed with underlying cardiac sarcoidosis (CS). Objective:Whether electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities in sinus rhythm (SR) can differentiate underlying CS from IVT.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the SR-ECGs of 42 patients with OTVT/premature ventricular complexes (PVC) and normal echocardiography. All underwent advanced imaging with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)/¹⁸FDG PET-CT for screening of CS. Twenty-two patients had significant abnormalities in cardiac imaging and subsequently had biopsy-proven CS (Cases). Twenty patients had normal imaging and were categorized as IVT (Controls). SR-ECGs of all patients were analyzed by 2 independent, blinded observers.ResultsBaseline characteristics were comparable. Among the ECG features analyzed – fascicular (FB) or bundle branch block (BBB) was seen in 9/22 Cases vs. 1/20 controls (p = 0.01). Among patients without FB or BBB, fragmented QRS (fQRS) was present in 9/13 cases but in none of the controls (p < 0.001). Low voltage QRS was more often seen among cases as compared to controls (10/22 vs. 3/20 p = 0.03). A stepwise algorithm based on these 3 sets of ECG findings helped to diagnose CS among patients presenting with OTVT/PVC with sensitivity of 91%, specificity of 75%, a PPV of 80%, and a NPV of 88%.ConclusionsIn patients presenting with OTVT/PVC: FB/BBB, fQRS, and low QRS voltage on the baseline ECG were more often observed among patients with underlying CS as compared to true IVT. These findings may help to distinguish underlying CS among Cases presenting with OTVT/PVC.     

盐酸右美托咪定联合盐酸罗哌卡因胸椎旁神经阻滞对肺癌根治术患者血清炎性因子和免疫学指标的影响

摘要 目的：探讨盐酸右美托咪定联合盐酸罗哌卡因胸椎旁神经阻滞（TPVB）对肺癌根治术患者血清炎性因子和免疫学指标的影响。方法：选取2018年4月~2020年4月期间于我院行肺癌根治术的患者400例,根据信封抽签法分为对照组和观察组,各200例,对照组给予盐酸罗哌卡因TPVB,观察组在对照组基础上联合盐酸右美托咪定,对比两组疼痛、炎性因子、免疫学指标、血流动力学及不良反应。结果：观察组术后6 h（T5）~术后48h（T8）时间点视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评分均低于对照组（P<0.05）。对照组插管后5 min（T1）~术毕（T3）时间点心率（HR）及平均动脉压（MAP）较麻醉诱导前（T0）时间点升高（P<0.013）,观察组T1~T3时间点HR、MAP低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组T8时间点白介素-6（IL-6）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）均较T0下降,且观察组低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组T8时间点CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺均较T0时间点下降,但观察组高于对照组（P<0.05）,CD8⁺均较T0时间点升高,但观察组低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组不良反应总发生率低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：盐酸右美托咪定联合盐酸罗哌卡因TPVB用于肺癌根治术患者,可稳定血流动力学,且可获得较好的镇痛效果,降低不良反应发生率,减轻术后炎性损伤及免疫抑制。     

超声引导下QLB复合气管插管全麻对于老年患者TEP腹股沟疝无张力修补术影响因素分析

摘要 目的：探讨与分析超声引导下腰方肌阻滞(quadratus lumborum block,QLB)复合气管插管全麻对于老年患者腹腔镜下全腹膜外（totally extraperitoneal prosthetic,TEP）腹股沟疝无张力修补术的影响,以促进该方法的临床使用。方法：2014年9月到2020年6月选择在本院诊治的腹股沟疝老年患者180例,根据随机数字表法分为QLB组与对照组各90例。所有患者都给予腹腔镜下全腹膜外腹股沟疝无张力修补术,对照组给予气管插管全麻,QLB组在对照组麻醉的基础上给予超声引导下QLB,记录两组镇痛与麻醉效果。结果：两组的术中出血量、手术时间等对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),QLB组的术后住院时间、术后胃肠功能恢复时间、术后下床活动时间显著短于对照组(P<0.05)。与术后12 h对比,两组术后24 h与36 h的疼痛VAS评分均降低(P<0.05),且QLB组术后12 h、24 h与36 h的疼痛VAS评分都显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。QLB组术后7 d的血肿、呼吸抑制、脏器损伤、腹股沟区包块等并发症发生率为8.9 %,显著低于对照组的21.1 %(P<0.05)。QLB组的瑞芬太尼用量、术后48 h内有效按压自控静脉镇痛泵次数、自控静脉镇痛泵累计用量都显著少于对照组(P<0.05)。结论：超声引导下QLB复合气管插管全麻在老年患者腹腔镜下全腹膜外腹股沟疝无张力修补术中的应用能提高镇痛与麻醉效果,减少术后并发症的发生,有利于促进患者康复。