三倍体芒草自然杂交后代数量性状遗传多样性研究

以三倍体芒草奇岗的自然杂交后代为研究对象,对后代群体的16个数量性状分别进行变异分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。研究结果表明:(1)该杂交群体的变异系数在14.41%~151.85%之间,平均变异系数为51.22%,说明杂交后代变异广泛。(2)主成分分析结果表明,前4个主成分反映原变量的80.206%的信息。第1主成分贡献率为48.74%,较大载荷性状有分蘖数、丛径、基部周长、单株鲜重和单株干重;第2主成分贡献率为16.313%,较大载荷性状有外径、内径、单茎干重、单茎鲜重和含水量;第3主成分贡献率为7.775%,仅有腋芽数一个较大载荷性状;第4主成分贡献率为7.378%,仅叶片数一个较大载荷。(3)聚类分析结果表明,将66份奇岗自然杂交后代和6份母本奇岗种质分为4大类。第Ⅰ类材料因本身各性状不足,产量很低,不适合筛选高产种质;第Ⅱ类材料各性状变异系数普遍较小,性状稳定,适合作为育种的备选类群;第Ⅲ类材料因枯黄较少,更适合做发酵类能源草或青贮牧草;第Ⅳ类材料生物产量因子及其产量构成因子都明显优于母本,是较好的育种材料。以上研究结果对筛选芒属植物优良种质、创新芒属植物种质资源有积极意义,并为芒属植物多倍体育种提供理论依据和材料基础。     

Future energy potential of Miscanthus in Europe

European field experiments have demonstrated Miscanthus can produce some of the highest energy yields per hectare of all potential energy crops. Previous modelling studies using MISCANMOD have calculated the potential energy yield for the EU27 from mean historical climate data (1960–1990). In this paper, we have built on the previous studies by further developing a new Miscanthus crop growth model MISCANFOR in order to analyse (i) interannual variation in yields for past and future climates, (ii) genotype-specific parameters on yield in Europe. Under recent climatic conditions (1960–1990) we show that 10% of arable land could produce 1709 PJ and mitigate 30 Tg of carbon dioxide-carbon (CO₂-C) equivalent greenhouse gasses (GHGs) compared with EU27 primary energy consumption of 65 598 PJ, emitting 1048 Tg of CO₂-C equivalent GHGs in 2005. If we continue to use the clone Miscanthus × giganteus , MISCANFOR shows that, as climate change reduces in-season water availability, energy production and carbon mitigation could fall 80% by 2080 for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change A2 scenario. However, because Miscanthus is found in a huge range of climates in Asia, we propose that new hybrids will incorporate genes conferring superior drought and frost tolerance. Using parameters from characterized germplasm, we calculate energy production could increase from present levels by 88% (to 2360 PJ) and mitigate 42 Tg of CO₂-C equivalent using 10% arable land for the 2080 mid-range A2 scenario. This is equivalent to 3.6% of 2005 EU27 primary energy consumption and 4.0% of total CO₂ equivalent C GHG emissions.     

芒和五节芒在中国的潜在分布

利用最大熵模型, 将我国现有芒(Miscanthus sinensis)和五节芒(M. floridulus)的地理分布信息与19个降水及温度等气候因子相拟合, 预测了芒和五节芒在我国的潜在分布区域, 并推测出芒和五节芒的基本生态位。结果显示: 芒的潜在适生区包括四川西部、陕西北部、宁夏、内蒙古中部、黑龙江、吉林西部、辽宁西部、青海东南部等地区, 其基本生态位参数为: 最暖季节降水量为400-1 000 mm, 平均8月降水量为100-350 mm, 7月平均最低气温为15 ℃, 平均7月降水量为100-350 mm, 11月平均最高气温为-10-22 ℃, 最干月平均气温为-15-20 ℃, 平均12月降水量为100 mm以下; 五节芒的潜在适生区为云南、陕西、山西、宁夏、河南、山东、吉林、辽宁以及四川西部、甘肃南部和内蒙古东部等地区, 其基本生态位参数为: 最暖季节降水量至少在400 mm以上, 平均6月降水量为150-550 mm, 7月平均最低气温在15-30 ℃之间, 6月平均最低气温为10 ℃, 平均4月降水量为50-100 mm。结果表明, 在进行遗传改良的前提下, 我国有丰富的适合栽植芒和五节芒的土地资源。     

“甘蔗复合群＂能源植物遗传育种研究进展

“甘蔗复合群”是一类极具生物能源开发潜力的禾本科C4植物。近年来由于世界能源危机的影响和植物遗传育种研究的发展,国内外学者对“甘蔗复合群”植物资源评价和能源育种研究越来越重视。本文介绍了“甘蔗复合群”的基本概念、属种分类及核心类群等研究背景。同时以甘蔗属和芒属核心资源为例,从“甘蔗复合群”能源植物遗传育种的角度综述了国内外相关研究进展。旨在总结前人的理论研究成果和杂交育种实践经验,探讨相关类群在植物系统分类和种质资源利用中存在问题与对策,为我国“甘蔗复合群”能源植物的应用基础研究和产业化开发利用提出建议。     

中国芒(Miscanthus sinensis)初级核心种质的构建

以555份芒(Miscanthus sinensis)种质资源为研究对象,根据26个表型性状数据,按地理来源、植物区系和单一性状进行分组,分别采用简单比例法、平方根法和多样性指数法确定组内取样数,再根据聚类和随机2种方法进行组内个体选择。依照上述方案共构建出19个具有代表性的芒初选核心种质样本库。通过平均相似系数、性状符合度、数量性状变异系数和遗传多样性指数等4项检测指标对上述19种构建方案进行比较,最终确定了按"植物区划分组+多样性指数确定取样数+聚类选择个体"为芒初级核心种质构建的最佳方案。通过此方法建立起的芒初级核心种质资源共83份,占总资源的14.95%,且新构建的初级种质资源与总资源性状符合度达到100%。     

Miscanthus sacchariflorus – biofuel parent or new weed?

The perennial grass triploid Miscanthus × giganteus is a promising renewable bioenergy feedstock in the United States and Europe. Originating from eastern Asia, this species is a sterile hybrid cross between M. sinensis and M. sacchariflorus. While research has begun to examine the impacts of M. sinensis and triploid M. × giganteus on the landscape, M. sacchariflorus has been largely overlooked in the peer‐reviewed literature. This review article discusses the origin, uses, distribution, and invasive potential of M. sacchariflorus. M. sacchariflorus is capable of producing high yields (10.7 t DM ha^?1 yr^?1), generally does not reproduce by seed, and can be challenging to establish due to poor cold tolerance, likely due to the limited germplasm used in evaluations. However, M. sacchariflorus has abundant and aggressively spreading rhizomes, which underscores its invasive risk. In the United States, it is listed as escaped from cultivation in at least eight states, primarily in the Midwest, although it is likely that not all populations have been reported. As such, it is essential to generate a comprehensive dataset of all known M. sacchariflorus populations and monitor any continued spread of this species.     

能源植物芒草研究进展与综合利用现状

芒草是一类多年生的C4草本植物,因其具有生物量大、纤维素含量高、灰分低、热值高、适应性强、生产成本低等诸多优点被认为是目前最具开发潜力的高产纤维类能源植物之一,因而成为国内外关注和研究的热点。综述了国内外能源芒草的研究进展与综合利用现状,并展望了今后的发展前景。     

五节芒定居对尾矿砂重金属形态、微生物群落功能及多样性的影响

选择尾矿砂裸地和4个五节芒(Miscanthus floridulus)定居地(RI、RII、RIII和RIV)为样地, 分别研究了五节芒定居对尾矿砂重金属形态转化和微生物功能参数的影响。结果表明: 五节芒自然定居显著地提高了尾矿砂碳酸盐结合态和硫化物-有机物结合态重金属比例(p＜0.05), 降低了尾矿砂残渣态重金属的比例(p＜0.05)。土壤微生物群落的纤维素分解作用、酚转化作用、固氮作用、氨化作用、硝化作用、有机磷转化作用、功能多样性、4类不同碳源(碳水化合(CH)、聚合物(PL)、胺类化合物(AM)和杂合物(ML))均随着五节芒自然定居显著提高(p＜0.05)。而氨基酸(AA)的利用强度却显著下降(p＜0.05)。典范相关分析(CCA)表明: 土壤微生物功能参数的总体变化与土壤碳酸盐结合态和硫化物-有机物结合态重金属的含量呈显著正相关, 与残渣态重金属含量呈显著负相关。该研究结果表明, 五节芒定居不仅促进了尾矿砂重金属朝着沉淀态和螯合态方面转化, 而且还显著地改善了尾矿砂微生物群落的功能发挥。因而, 五节芒在重金属矿业废弃地恢复实践中具有较大的应用潜力。     

Species diversity and primary productivity inMiscanthus sinensis grasslands

In an old field grassland dominated byMiscanthus sinensis Anderss. the community structures, phytomass, dominance ofM. sinensis and species diversity were measured. Species and life form composition of the stand were characterized by higher percentages of therophytes, woody and shrubby species, liana and alien species. From May so September in 1982, all the aboveground parts were harvested from each of the four quadrats (2 m×2 m) once a month. Seasonal peak of aboveground phytomass, in September, was 1027 g d.w.m⁻² to whichM. sinensis contributed as much as 96.5%. With the progress of the growing season,M. sinensis became increasingly important both in stand phytomass and in dominance, whereas species diversity based on the dry weight contributions of constituent species decreased. Our analysis of these seasonal trends showed that the diversity was largely a function of dominance of the most important species, rather than that of stand phytomass or productivity. The simultaneous measurements of 20 quadrats in late August 1983, also supported the above conclusion.