5-羟色胺和一氧化氮合酶在大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质 和中缝核簇神经元内的共存

实验采用 NADPH组织化学和 5 - HT免疫组织化学双重显色方法研究了 5 - HT和一氧化氮合酶在大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质 (PAG)和中缝核簇神经元的分布特征及共存情况。结果表明 ;(1 )在 PAG腹外侧区中观察到大量的 NOS阳性神经元和 5 - HT样免疫阳性神经元 ,但是 NOS/ 5 - HT双标神经元较少 ,仅占该区 5 - HT样免疫阳性神经元 2 0 .1 % ,并且主要分布在该区的内侧部 ;在 PAG的背外侧区中观察到密集的 NOS阳性神经元 ,但是几乎未见 5 - HT免疫阳性神经元分布。(2 )在中缝核簇的大多数亚核内均可观察到大量的 NOS神经元和 5 - HT免疫阳性神经元。在中缝背核的内侧部、中缝背核的尾侧部、中缝正中核、尾侧线形核、中缝大核和中缝隐核内双标神经元分别占所在部位中 5 - HT免疫阳性神经元的 44 .6 %、5 3.4%、 44 .4%、 2 6 .2 %、 2 6 .7%和 2 1 .8%。然而在中缝苍白核内仅偶见少数双标神经元。研究结果表明 ,在 PAG和中缝核簇的一些神经元内 5 - HT可以与 NOS共存 ,提示这两种神经活性物质在功能上可能存在着某种相关性 ,有关这些双标神经元的功能意义尚需进一步研究。     

Histological,histochemical and electron microscopical studies on the nervous apparatus of the pineal organ in the tiger salamander,Ambystoma tigrinum

Summary 150–190 photoreceptor cells form a basic structural component of the pineal organ of Ambystoma tigrinum. Most of the outer and inner segments of these cells project into the lumen horizontally. Only 10 percent of the total number of photoreceptor cells are located within the pineal roof which is composed of a single cell layer. The photoreceptor cells are connected with nerve cells by synapses displaying characteristic ribbons. Different types of synaptic contacts, i.e. simple, tangential, dyad, triad and invaginated, are found. They are embedded in extended neuropil zones. A particular type of synapse indicates the presence of interneurons. The basal processes of some photoreceptor cells leave the pineal organ and make synaptic contacts with nervous elements located within the area of the subcommissural organ. Employing the method of Karnovsky and Roots (1964) for histochemical demonstration of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) approximately 70 neurons (intrapineal neurons) can be discerned in the pineal organ of Ambystoma tigrinum. In analogy to the distribution of photoreceptor cells only few nerve cells are observed in the roof portion of the pineal organ. Evidently, two different types of AChE-positive intrapineal neurons are present. About 40–50 AChE-positive neurons (extrapineal neurons) are scattered in the area of the subcommissural organ. In this area two types of nerve cells can be distinguished: 1) neurons which send pinealofugal (afferent) axons toward the posterior commissure and 2) neurons which emit pinealopetal (efferent) axons into or toward the pineal organ.The nervous pathways connecting the pineal organ with the diencephalomesencephalic border area are represented by a distinct pineal pedicle and several accessory pineal tracts.Granular nerve fibers run within the posterior commissure and establish synaptic contacts in the commissural region adjacent to the pineal organ. Some of these granular elements enter the pineal organ.The morphology of the nervous apparatus of the pineal organ of Ambystoma tigrinum is discussed in context with evidence from physiological experiments.In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Dr. med., Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University, GiessenThe author is indebted to Professors A. Oksche and M. Ueck for their interest in this study. Thanks are due to Professor Ch. Baumann, Giessen, and Professor H. Langer, Bochum, for stimulating discussions. The technical assistance of Miss R. Liesner is gratefully acknowledgedDedicated to Professor Berta Scharrer on the occasion of her 70th birthday. Supported by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft to A.O. and M.U.     

Extrahypothalamische peptiderge Neurosekretion

Zusammenfassung Im Torus semicircularis des Mittelhirns der Neunaugen lassen sich sekretorische Neurone nachweisen. Das mesenzephale neurosekretorische Zentrum entwickelt sich erst nach der Metamorphose und ist nur bei den weiblichen Tieren ausgebildet. Das Neurosekret ist ein zystinreiches Protein und läßt sich im histologischen Schnittpräparat mit allen Methoden, die zum Nachweis peptiderger Neurosekretion im Hypothalamus verwendet werden, darstellen. Produktions- und Speicherorte des Neurosekrets sind erweiterte Zisternen des rauhen endoplasmatischen Retikulums. Es existieren keine speziellen Speicherorganellen in Form der bekannten runden, einheitlich elektronendichten Elementargranula oder in Form von dense-core Vesikeln. Speicherzisternen konnten auch in den Fortsätzen der neurosekretorischen Zellen nachgewiesen werden.

---

Extrahypothalamic peptidergic neurosecretionI. Neurosecretion in the midbrain of lampreys

Summary In the torus semicircularis of the midbrain of lampreys a neurosecretory area was found. The mesencephalic neurosecretory nucleus develops not earlier than after metamorphosis and is only present in females. The neurosecretory material could be determined as a cystine-rich protein demonstrable in slices, with all of the methods, that are employed for the demonstration of hypothalamic neurosecretion. The neurosecretion is produced and stored in dilatated cisterns of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. No specialized storing vesicles in the form of the well-known spherical, uniformly electron-dense elementary vesicles or dense-core vesicles are present. The storing cisterns could also be demonstrated in the processes of the neurosecretory cells.

Diese Untersuchung wurde aus Mitteln des Ministeriums für Wissenschaft und Technik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik finanziert.     

The spikes trains probability distributions: A stochastic calculus approach

We discuss the statistics of spikes trains for different types of integrate-and-fire neurons and different types of synaptic noise models. In contrast with the usual approaches in neuroscience, mainly based on statistical physics methods such as the Fokker-Planck equation or the mean-field theory, we chose the point of the view of the stochastic calculus theory to characterize neurons in noisy environments. We present four stochastic calculus techniques that can be used to find the probability distributions attached to the spikes trains. We illustrate the power of these techniques for four types of widely used neuron models. Despite the fact that these techniques are mathematically intricate we believe that they can be useful for answering questions in neuroscience that naturally arise from the variability of neuronal activity. For each technique we indicate its range of applicability and its limitations.     

Dendritic development in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of ferrets in the postnatal absence of retinal input: A golgi study

In order to determine the ongoing role of retinal fibers in the development of dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) neurons during postnatal development, the development of dLGN neurons in the postnatal absence of retinal input was studied in pigmented ferrets using the Golgi-Hortega technique. The development of four dLGN cell classes, defined on the basis of somatic and dendritic morphology, was described previously in normal ferrets (Sutton and Brunso-Bechtold, 1991, J. Comp. Neurol. 309 : 71–85). The present results indicate that the morphological development of dLGN neurons is strikingly similar in normal and experimental ferrets. The exuberant dendritic appendages that appear after eye opening in normal ferrets are overproduced and eliminated in the postnatal absence of retinal input; however, the final reduction of these transient appendages is delayed. Because exuberant appendages develop in the absence of retinal input, their production cannot depend upon visual experience. Differences in cell body size between normal and experimental ferrets are apparent only after neurons can be classified at the end of the first postnatal month. Cell body size is markedly reduced for class 1 neurons; class 2 cells also are reduced in size but to a far lesser extent. As there is a general trend for class 1 neurons to have the functional properties of Y-cells, it is likely that the dLGN neurons most affected by the absence of retinal input also are Y-cells. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

海马神经元ROS和Ca2+对极低频电磁场实时响应的方法研究

现有极低频电磁场(extremely low frequency-electromagnetic fields,ELF-EMFs)生物效应的研究方法是非实时组间对照,这种方法无法排除细胞对电磁场反应个体敏感性的差异,以及实验过程中条件变化的差异.本文提出一种对同一个细胞在同一条件下的前后对照实时观察ELF-EMFs反应的方法.采用稳定域鉴别ELF-EMFs暴露前海马神经元的稳定性,在电磁场加入时刻(t=60 s)分别用0、0.09、0.38、0.76、7.33、14.78 mT的ELF-EMFs作用于海马神经元,实时记录海马神经元活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)和Ca~(2+)荧光响应曲线,建立ELF-EMFs与ROS和Ca~(2+)的自相关函数.结果表明:a.在ROS暴发时间和Ca~(2+)暴发时间,ROS和Ca~(2+)荧光响应具有阶跃性,这是判断实时响应的重要标志;b. ROS和Ca~(2+)对ELF-EMFs响应时间具有延时性,并且不一致;c. ROS和Ca~(2+)对ELF-EMFs实时响应具有剂量性;d.海马神经元ROS对ELF-EMFs响应具有复杂性;e.海马神经元Ca~(2+)对电磁场响应主要是渐进稳定.当ELF-EMFs与ROS和Ca~(2+)实时响应的相关函数大于0.3可以判定具有相关性.由此得出,一种ELF-EMFs暴露下细胞ROS和胞内Ca~(2+)的实时响应方法对电磁生物效应评价是可行的.     

Social facilitation of long-lasting memory is mediated by CO2 in Drosophila

1. Download : Download high-res image (230KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

     

Enteric pathogens induce tissue tolerance and prevent neuronal loss from subsequent infections

1. Download : Download high-res image (133KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image