Boophilus microplus: characterization of larval phosphomonoesterases and isolation of subcellular fractions with high phosphatase activity.

Phosphomonoesterase activity was determined for a 115,000g pellet and soluble fractions resulting from a subcellular fractioning of a homogenate of larval Boophilus microplus. Both fractions showed maximum phosphatase activity at pH 5.5 and 10. Acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) activity was found to be greatest in the soluble fraction. When the reaction rate was plotted against homogenate concentration, the soluble acid phosphatase deviated from the linear relationship. For both fractions different thermostability patterns were obtained, inactlvation beginning for the alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) at 45–55 C. When the effect of substrate concentration on activity was studied, deviations from the typical hyperbolic behavior were observed. Homogenization of larvae with 5 mm EDTA buffer failed to yield a low-speed pellet with high alkaline phosphatase activity, as it is expected if absorptive structures sediment. Moreover, total alkaline phosphatase activity recovered by this method is significantly lower than activity recovered when homogenization is carried out without EDTA. Alternately, homogenization with 10 mM Tris buffer and 0.25 M sucrose gave 27,000g and 115,000g fractions with high phosphatase activity when fractioned by centrifugation. Alkaline treatment of the 115,000g fraction with 10 mM Tris buffer, pH 7.8, failed to separate endoplasmic reticulum contaminants without loss of phosphatase activity. When the 115,000g fraction was centrifuged in a sucrose density gradient, two activity peaks, coincident for both acid and alkaline phosphatases, were obtained. Antigenic analysis showed the existence of similar antigenic determinants in both peaks “immunologically” presented in different ways.     

Flavonoids and tannins of Acacia species

The heartwoods of Acacia giraffae and A. galpinii were selected from South African Acacias as representative of those with abnormally high and minimal tannin contents respectively. A. galpinii contains amongst other analogues, the first natural (+)-2,3-trans-3,4-trans-teracacidin (7,8,4′-trihydroxy-flavan-3,4-diol and novel 3-O-methyl-, 7,8-di-O-methyl- and 7,8,4′-tri-O-methylflavonol analogues. (−)-2,3-cis-3,4-cis-Melacacidin (7,8,3′,4′-tetrahydroxyflavan-3,4-diol) is also present, but tannins are absent. By contrast, from the large excess of leueofisetinidin tannins which characterizes the wood of A. giraffae, only (+)-catechin, (+)-2,3-trans-3,4-trans-leucofisetinidin (7,3′,4′,trihydroxyflavan-3,4-diol and all-trans-(+)-leueofisetinidin-(+)-catechin could be isolated.     

Flexural and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Alkali-Treated Coir/Pineapple Leaf Fibres Reinforced Polylactic Acid Hybrid Biocomposites

Polylactic acid(PLA)possesses good mechanical and biodegradability properties which make it a suitable material for polymer composites whereas brittleness and high costs limit its utilization in various applications.The reinforcement of natural fibres with biopolymers has been formed to be an efficient technique to develop composites having the ability to be fully biodegradable.This study concerns with the incorporation of various percentages of untreated and alkali-treated Coir Fibres(CF)and pineapple leaf fibres(PALF)in PLA biocomposites and characterizations of flexural,morphological and dynamic mechanical properties.Flexural properties showed that the treated C1P1 hybrid composites(C1P1A)displayed highest flexural strength(35.81 MPa)and modulus(5.28 GPa)among all hybrid biocomposites.Scanning Electron Micros-copy(SEM)revealed a behaviour of fibre-matrix adhesion in untreated treated biocomposites.SEM observation revealed good dispersion of the fillers in PLA.Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that C1P1A showed highest glass transition temperature(Tg)and storage modulus(E')while untreated C3P7 displayed the least Tg and E'.Overall findings showed that alkali-treated hybrid biocomposites(CF/PALF/PLA)especially C1P1A have improved flexural properties,dynamic and morphological properties over untreated biocomposites.Success of these findings will provide attracting consideration of these hybrid biocomposites for various lightweight uses in a broad selection of industrial applications such as biomedical sectors,automobile,construction,electronics equipment,and hardware tools.     

藤椒精油对腐败解淀粉芽孢杆菌DY1a生物被膜的抑制作用

【背景】芽孢杆菌是豆制品的重要腐败菌,在气液界面形成生物膜,对产品生产带来持续污染。【目的】探讨藤椒精油(Zanthoxylum armatum DC.essential oil,ZA-EO)对腐败解淀粉芽孢杆菌DY1a菌体及生物被膜的抑制作用与机制。【方法】采用气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometer,GC-MS)分析藤椒精油主要成分与相对含量,通过二倍稀释法测定藤椒精油对菌株的最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(minimum bactericidal concentration,MBC),并分析精油对腐败菌胞外蛋白酶活性、腐败菌生物被膜形成抑制及成熟生物被膜的清除作用,采用扫描电镜结合三维光学显微镜分析生物被膜形貌结构变化,测定生物被膜胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)多糖与蛋白质含量变化;并通过细菌运动能力、细胞黏附及自聚集能力、细胞表面疏水性和Zeta电位来初步探讨藤椒精油对生物被膜的抑制机理。【结果】藤椒精...     

下一代益生菌Akk菌的研究进展

Akk菌(Akkermansia muciniphila)是具有巨大发展潜力的下一代益生菌,被广泛认为是改善炎症性肠病、肠易激综合征、糖尿病、肥胖症和渐冻症等疾病的一种新的潜在候选菌。近年来,随着人们对肠道共生菌重视程度的加深和各种组学技术的发展,Akk菌迅速成为益生菌研究领域的热点。然而,目前国内外有关Akk菌最新研究进展的归纳总结仍较少。因此,本文对近十年国内外有关Akk菌取得的最新研究进展进行综述,从Akk菌对宿主健康的调控作用,Akk菌的分离、鉴定和培养,以及Akk菌研究面临的挑战、机遇和前景等几方面进行阐述,以期为国内外同行对Akk菌的进一步深入研究和开发提供参考。     

长期养分添加对贝加尔针茅草原土壤微生物群落的影响

土壤微生物是土壤生态系统的重要组成部分,是土壤生态系统物质循环和能量流动的主要参与者,在维持土壤生态系统过程和功能方面发挥着关键作用。以内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原为研究对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)技术,探讨连续12年氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)养分单一添加和复合添加条件下草地土壤理化性质、微生物群落结构特征的变化及其主要影响因素。结果表明,长期养分添加条件下,土壤有机碳和全氮均无显著变化,但磷(P、NP、PK、NPK)和钾(K、NK、PK、NPK)添加处理分别显著提高了土壤速效磷和速效钾含量(P < 0.05)。单一氮添加显著增加了土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量,并显著降低了土壤pH值(P < 0.05)。单一磷和钾添加均提高了土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌和总PLFA含量,而单一氮添加和复合养分添加(NP、NK、PK、NPK)均显著降低了以上指标的含量(P < 0.05)。此外,各养分添加处理均未显著改变革兰氏阳性细菌与革兰氏阴性细菌比(G⁺/G^-),但含氮的复合添加处理(NP、NK、NPK)均显著降低了真菌与细菌比 (F/B) (P < 0.05)。相关性分析结果表明,多种微生物PLFA含量与速效磷和铵态氮显著负相关,与土壤pH值显著正相关。基于冗余分析和随机森林模型分析发现土壤pH值和土壤磷含量是影响土壤微生物群落特征的主要驱动因素。综上,长期养分添加显著改变了土壤速效养分含量和土壤pH值,并显著影响了土壤微生物群落结构。     

3种混交林造林初期土壤真菌群落结构特征

土壤微生物是参与陆地生态系统生物地球化学循环过程的重要成员。造林可以显著影响土壤微生物群落结构与功能,但造林初期驱动的土壤理化因子变化对土壤微生物结构与功能的影响尚不清楚。通过分析由珍稀乡土树种组成的三种新造混交林(BB:银杏Ginkgo biloba-桢楠Phoebe zhennan;CB:香椿Toona sinensis-红豆杉Taxus wallichiana-桢楠Phoebe zhennan;MB:鹅掌楸Liriodendron chinense-乐昌含笑Michelia chapensis-香椿Toona sinensis-玉兰Yulania denudata)表层(0-20 cm)土壤真菌群落组成、功能类群及其土壤理化因子,并以草灌化未造林地作对照(CK),研究土壤真菌群落结构和功能对不同林型造林初期的响应。结果表明:(1)不同林型土壤真菌群落丰富度、多样性指数高于CK,表现为MB＞BB＞CB＞CK,主要受到土壤孔隙度、水解性氮的影响。(2)土壤真菌门水平优势类群在不同处理间无显著差异,其中子囊菌门占绝对优势,MB中的被孢霉门相对丰度显著高于CK(P＜0.05)。与CK相比,球囊菌门与Leptodiscella相对丰度在各林型中均降低。(3)通过非度量多维尺度(NMDS)与置换多元方差(Adonis)分析表明,造林初期,造林土壤真菌群落结构与CK存在显著差异(P＜0.01)。冗余分析(RDA) 分析表明全钾、水解性氮、土壤容重及土壤碳氮比是影响真菌群落指示种的主要土壤理化因子;被孢霉门与水解性氮、碳氮比、全氮、非毛管孔隙度、含水率均呈正相关,与全钾呈负相关。(4)真菌群落主要以腐生营养型为主,病理营养型次之;造林后腐生营养型真菌相对丰度降低,而土壤腐生菌的相对丰度在BB与MB处理中反而显著增加(P＜0.05);MB处理中动物病原菌的相对丰度显著增加(P＜0.05);真菌优势功能类群主要受到土壤pH、土壤孔隙度、土壤碳氮比(C/N)、土壤有机质、全氮、全钾的影响。造林初期土壤真菌群落结构与功能类群发生了显著改变,阔阔混交林较针阔混交林变化更加明显,其中多种阔叶树混交林病原菌相对更高。     

毛竹和雷竹地下系统结构及生物力学性质

利用植物稳定山体边坡是一种环保、经济、可持续的生物工程措施,符合生态文明建设新理念。以亚热带典型散生竹种毛竹和雷竹地下系统结构为研究对象,描述毛竹和雷竹根系在土壤中的空间分布状况,探究影响毛竹和雷竹地下系统生物力学性质的因素。结果表明:随着土层的深入,3个径级的毛竹和雷竹根系长度和体积所占比重均表现出逐渐减少的趋势,0—40 cm土层中集中了80%以上的根系。毛竹和雷竹径级D≤1 mm根系占全部根系长度的比重均为最大,大小依次为雷竹鞭根(83.62%)>雷竹竹根(80.46%)>毛竹鞭根(75.70%)>毛竹竹根(70.45%),毛竹径级D≥2mm根系体积所占比重最大,分别为竹根78.73%和鞭根70.23%,雷竹径级D≥2mm(43.60%)和D=1—2mm(39.76%)竹根体积比例相当,径级D=1—2mm鞭根体积为最大(50.78%);毛竹和雷竹不同生长阶段竹鞭抗拉强度和弹性模量之间均存在显著差异,中龄竹鞭抗拉强度显著高于幼龄和老龄,而中龄竹鞭的弹性模量显著低于幼龄和老龄,说明生长阶段是影响竹鞭抗拉强度和弹性模量的因素;饱和含水率条件下,毛竹和雷竹根系抗拉强度与...     

火干扰强度对亚热带四种森林类型土壤理化性质的影响

火干扰是通过改变土壤理化性质而影响土壤生态系统功能的重要因素之一。探讨火干扰强度对不同森林类型下土壤理化性质的影响,为利用火干扰促进林分更新及经营提供理论指导。2014年在湖南省株洲市和湘潭市4种次生林(枫香次生林、马尾松-木荷混交林、杉木-木荷混交林及檫木-杉木混交林)内设置16块20 m×20 m样地进行试验,研究了火干扰强度(对照、低强度、中强度、高强度火烧)和林分类型对土壤容重(BD)、土壤斥水性(SWR)、有机质(SOM)、pH、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)和全钾(TK)的影响。通过描述性统计分析、单因素方差分析和Fisher LSD检验研究各土壤性质在同一林分不同火干扰间,以及同一火干扰下不同林分间的显著性差异和变化趋势(P<0.05)。研究发现BD、SWR、pH、TK都随火强度的增大呈上升的趋势,而SOM、TP随火强度增大而减少,TN则随火强度增大没有规律性变化。在同一林分内与对照组相比,低强度火烧对BD、SWR、pH和SOM的影响不显著,中强度有一定影响,而高强度火烧影响显著;而TN、TP、TK在火烧前后均无显著性差异。火干扰后,TN和TP在同一火强度下不同林分间均...     

我国23个土壤磷素淋失风险评估Ⅱ.淋失临界值与土壤理化性质和磷吸附特性的关系

从13个省（市）采取23个耕地表层土壤,通过室内模拟试验测定其磷素淋失临界值和pH、有机质、＜0.01mm、＜0.002mm、交换性钙镁、活性铁铝、磷等温吸附特性等,以建立土壤磷素淋失临界值与土壤基本理化性质和磷吸附特性之间的关系.结果表明：土壤pH＜6.0时,随土壤pH提高临界值增加,土壤pH与临界值之间呈显著的指数关系;而当土壤pH＞6.0时,随土壤pH提高临界值减小,在pH6.5左右土壤磷素淋失临界值最高.土壤磷素淋失临界值与土壤有机质、活性铁（铝）、交换性钙之间存在显著的相关,而与交换性镁、CEC、＜0.01mm、＜0.002mm、K、Qm的相关性受土壤酸碱度影响.可以通过测定土壤有机质或活性铁的含量,来计算土壤磷素淋失临界值,评价土壤磷素淋失的风险.供试的23个土壤,除了采自湖北潜江的20号水稻土存在比较大的磷素淋失风险,其余土壤发生磷素淋失的风险很小.