提高榨菜离体培养植株再生频率

采用榨菜“浙桐1号”品种为材料,以MS为基本培养基,通过对不同植物生长调节剂的组合和不同外植体等主要因素的筛选,大幅度提高了榨菜离体培养植株再生频率。结果表明,2mg／L6．BA 0．2mg／L2,4-D的组合较为适宜,其不定芽再生频率可达50％,且外植体以下胚轴为好：而CPPU和2,4-D的适宜组合为1．5mg／L 0．2mg／L,其不定芽再生频率高达66．67％,最适外植体为带柄子叶。同时,研究结果显示,添加0．25～1mg／L的GA,对榨菜已分化的不定芽的伸长有抑制作用;子叶柄和下胚轴外植体的分化具有极性现象。     

双价抗虫基因植物表达载体的构建

将蝎毒基因BmKITS和几丁质酶基因chitinase2个抗虫基因采用不同的启动子ubi或35S,连到2个高效的植物表达载体pWM101和pBI101中,2个重组表达质粒分别经过限制性酶切分析和PCR鉴定,实验结果表明2个含有双价抗虫基因的植物重组表达质粒均已构建成功．     

干旱胁迫下几种荒漠植物抗氧化能力的比较研究

对3种荒漠植物沙拐枣、梭梭和沙枣在干旱胁迫下的抗氧化能力进行了比较研究。结果表明,3种荒漠植物长期处于干旱生境下,都受到不同程度的膜脂过氧化,其中,沙枣的膜脂过氧化程度大于梭梭和沙拐枣。在1d的变化中,随着水势的下降,上午10：00前3种植物体内MDA含量都表现为上升趋势,此后梭梭和沙拐枣体内MDA含量表现为持续下降,到下午18：00达到最低,说明尽管水分胁迫在加强,它们却表现出极强的抗氧化胁迫能力;而沙枣体内MDA含量在下午18：00又开始上升,表明沙枣表现出一定的调节能力,但其能力有限,低于梭梭和沙拐枣。3种植物对干旱胁迫的应激方式不同;沙拐枣体内的SOD活性和ASA含量明显高于梭梭和沙枣,这与其体内相对较低的O2含量具有很好的一致性;对于植物体内H2O2的清除,抗氧化酶系统对沙拐枣体内的H2O2的清除起了一定的作用,但不是主要的,抗氧化剂GSH起主要作用,而梭梭体内南抗氧化酶系统中的CAT起主要作用,抗氧化剂起辅助作用;沙枣体内的AsA-POD起主要作用,其它的抗氧化酶和氧化剂起辅助作用。同时,植物体内还保持管各种酶的平衡。     

植物冠层与大气氨交换的研究进展

对植物与大气间NH3交换的研究进展进行了综述。大量研究表明,植物冠层能够与大气进行NH3交换．交换的大小和方向取决于细胞间隙与大气NH3分压的差异,即NH3补偿点。大部分农田植物的NH3补偿点大致在1～6nmol NH3／mol air范围内;在自然条件下,NH3补偿点可能接近气孔下腔中的NH3分压,也可能接近大气中的NH3浓度;生长在低氮输入生态系统(如沼泽地和森林)中植物的NH3补偿点几乎为零。当外界大气NH3浓度低于补偿点时,生长的植被会释放NH3：否则,植被就会吸收NH3。影响NH3补偿点的因素主要包括叶温、光照强度和空气湿度等环境因素以及质外体pH、光呼吸速率及谷氨酰胺合成酶活性等内部因素。在植物生长前期,与大气间的NH3交换以吸收为主。后期则以释放为主。植物吸收或释放NH3的大小．因研究者、试验材料和试验条件等不同而有很大差异。植物地上部分对NH3的吸收途径主要有2条,一是通过表皮层吸收;一是通过气孔吸收．通过表皮层吸收的NH3占气态NH3吸收的3％,不是主要吸收途径;NH3吸收丰要通过气孔进行,其吸收量和吸收速率取决于气孔导度、温度及光照等。目前对植物NH3释放机理的解释主要是光呼吸氮循环途径和植物衰老时的蛋白质降解途径．但有关光呼吸氮循环途径在植物体NH3挥发中的作用远末搞清。当前国内、外研究重点主要集中在植物与大气间NH3、交换的方向、强度、NH3补偿点及其影响因素,植物与大气间发生NH3交换的生理机制,人气NH3浓度增加对植物代谢和生理特征的影响等方面,而忽视了对植物生态学特征、源库特征、根系分泌物、养分利用效率和不同植物种群间竞争的影响。因此．进一步深入研究植物与大气间NH3交换。不仅可以丰富植物氮素营养理论,而且也具有十分重要的环境和生态学意义。     

连作草莓根系分泌物自毒作用的模拟研究

 草莓（Fragaria ananassa）根系分泌物的自毒作用是草莓连作病害发生机理研究的重要内容之一。应用组织培养技术提取草莓根系分泌物,并对其自毒作用进行了测定。结果表明,在含有根系分泌物的生根培养基中定植的草莓组培苗,其生根、根系生长均受到不同程度的抑制,生物量显著下降,而且根系分泌物对草莓幼苗根系生理活性具有抑制作用。主要表现为根系TTC还原活性下降、相对电导率增大、SOD酶活性降低及MDA生成量增多等方面,并导致草莓幼苗生长发育不良、病害加重。说明草莓根系分泌物具有自毒作用,连作条件下田间根系分泌物逐年积累后产生的自毒作用,可能是草莓再植病害发生的重要原因。     

Callus induction and regeneration in<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Spirodela</Emphasis> and<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Lemna</Emphasis>

The development of tissue culture systems in duckweeds has, to date, been limited to species of the genus Lemna. We report here the establishment of an efficient tissue culture cycle (callus induction, callus growth and plant regeneration) for Spirodela oligorrhiza Hegelm SP, Spirodela punctata 8717 and Lemna gibba var. Hurfeish. Significant differences were found among the three duckweed species pertaining to carbohydrate and phytohormone requirements for callus induction, callus growth and frond regeneration. In vitro incubation with poorly assimilated carbohydrates such as galactose (S. oligorrhiza SP and L. gibba var. Hurfeish) and sorbitol (S. punctata 8717) as sole carbon source yielded high levels of callus induction on phytohormone-supplemented medium. Sorbitol is required for optimal callus growth of S. oligorrhiza SP and S. punctata 8717, while sucrose is required for callus growth of L. gibba var. Hurfeish. Sucrose either alone (S. oligorrhiza SP, L. gibba var. Hurfeish) or in addition to sorbitol (S. punctata 8717) is required for frond regeneration.Abbreviations ABA: (±)-Abscisic acid - BA: N⁶-Benzyladenine - 2,4-D 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - Dicamba: 3,6-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid - 2iP: N⁶-(2-Isopentenyl)adenine - NAA: -Naphthaleneacetic acid - PCA: p-Chlorophenoxy acetic acid - Picloram: 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid - TDZ: Thidiazuron Communicated by A. AltmanJ. Li and M. Jain contributed equally to the research reported in this article.     

Effects of Sewage Sludge on Plant Community Composition in Restored Limestone Quarries

The effects of sewage sludge, used to improve fertility of replaced soil, on vegetation were studied in limestone quarry restoration. Plant community growing in the first stages after sludge application was surveyed in six quarries of NE Spain. Areas with a mixture of sewage sludge and residual soil were compared to areas where the application consisted only of residual soil (a mixture of previous top soil and mine spoils). Sewage sludge was hypothesized to increase total biomass and cover, modifying species composition and delaying the early successional recover of the community. The results showed that both biomass and plant cover increased because of sewage sludge addition. The floristic composition was dominated by ruderal species that did not show any dependence on sewage sludge application. Convergence on similarity between sludge and control plots was not detected along a 5‐year period. Although species richness was significantly lower in sludge plots, diversity and equitability indexes did not show differences between treatments. The results did not show differences in the proportion of non‐native species. The proportion of legumes was lower in sludge plots. These results show that the plant communities resulting from the addition of sewage sludge to the soil used in limestone quarry restoration have more biomass and cover, but less number of species, and they do not show a clear trend to converge to those areas restored only with non‐amended soil.     

中国种子植物区系定量化研究——Ⅰ区域性种子植物区系研究实用程序工作原理(QX—系列程序)

本文根据吴征镒教授对中国种子植物属分市区类型研究结果,研制出定量化研究区域性种子植物区系的电子计算机程序,应用本程序可完成某区系的分布区类型统计分析,科属组成分析和与其它地区以共有属关系构建的相似性系数的谁知盘中计算,同时可大量节省研究人员的劳动强度和时间,对提高研究水平有一定的效果。     

Structure-activity relationship of the neurotransmitter alpha-bag cell peptide on Aplysia LUQ neurons: Implications regarding its inactivation in the extracellular space

Alpha-bag cell peptide [α-BCP (Ala-Pro-Arg-Leu-Arg-Phe-Tyr-Ser-Leu)] is a neurotransmitter that mediates bag cell-induced inhibition of left-upper-quadrant (LUQ) neurons L₂, L₃, L₄, and L₆ in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia. Our recent biochemical studies have shown that α-BCP[1–9] is cleaved into α-BCP[1–2], [3–9], [1–5], [6–9], and [7–9] by a combination of three distinct peptidase activities located within the extracellular spaces of the CNS: A diaminopeptidase-IV (DAP-IV)-like enzyme cleaves α-BCP[1–9] at the 2–3 peptide bond; a neutral metalloendopeptidase (NEP)-like enzyme cleaves either α-BCP[1–9] or α-BCP[3–9] at the 5–6 bond; an aminopeptidase M-II (APM-II)-like enzyme cleaves α-BCP[6–9] at the 6–7 bond, but cleaves neither α-BCP[1–9], nor the other ganglionic peptidase products. To further understand the manner in which α-BCP is inactivated after release, that is loses its electro-physiological activity, we studied its structure-activity relationship by recording intracellularly from LUQ neurons in isolated abdominal ganglia that were arterially perfused with peptides dissolved in artificial sea water. The effects of α-BCP[1–9] and 15 of its fragments ([1–8], [1–7], [1–6], [1–5], [2–9], [3–9], [3–8], [6–9], [7–9], [8–9], [6–7], [6–8], [1–2], Phe, Tyr) indicated that the sequence Phe⁶-Tyr⁷ was both necessary and sufficient to produce LUQ inhibitory activity. The combined results of our electrophysiological and biochemical studies strongly suggest that α-BCP[1–9] is inactivated by the serial actions of the NEP-like and APM-II-like peptidases; that is, the NEP-like enzyme yields an electro-physiologically active product, α-BCP[6–9], that is cleaved by the APM-II-like enzyme to yield inactive α-BCP[7–9]. Furthermore, because α-BCP[6–9] is more active than α-BCP[1–9], cleavage by the NEP-like enzyme potentiates α-BCP's activity. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.