草酸青霉BZH-2002产果胶酶特性研究

对草酸青霉菌（Penixillium oxalicum）BZH-2002菌株固体发酵果胶酶的特性及浸提条件进行了研究,确定其最佳产酶时期为72—92h,利用干物质量最快的时期为24—72h发酵产酶期间培养基介质中pH值呈“V”字形变化。该菌株以甜菜渣、葵花盘为碳源,以（NH）2SO4为氮源时产酶率最高,分别高达4．33万和4．56万U／g干物质,（NH4）2SO4最佳用量0．9g/10g甜菜渣。此外,浸提方法对果胶酶产率也有一定影响,1％NaCl作为浸提液的效果最好,最佳浸提时间1h,浸提温度25—40℃。     

麻微生物脱胶菌株初筛

采用遥瓶直接脱胶结合平板透明圈分离法,可有效分离出有一定脱胶能力的菌株,减少分离工作盲目性。我们获得的几株野生菌株,能在较长的时间内,将苎麻纤维脱胶至“白而软”。     

草酸青霉BZH-2002果胶酶固体发酵条件研究

对草酸青霉菌(Penixillium oxalicum)BZH-2002菌株固体发酵果胶酶的主要影响因子温度、初始pH值、含水量及接种量进行了实验探讨,确定了最佳培养条件：温度为30℃,初始pH值为4．8,固体培养基含水量控制在30～35ml/10g甜菜渣,接种量3～4%。同时对该菌株固体发酵提取液中果胶酶的酶学特性进行了初步研究,结果表明,该酶最适反应温度和pH分别为55℃和pH4．8,在40℃温度下和pH3．5～5．5范围内,酶活性较稳定。     

Cell-wall-degrading enzymes of aquatic hyphomycetes: a review

Reports of cell-wall-degrading enzymes of aquatic hyphomycetes are reviewed, including pectinases, cellulases, hemicellulases, laminarinases and chitinases and the ability of these fungi to degrade lignin and straw. New evidence of enzymic activity is presented for 14 species.     

微生物果胶酶研究及其在果蔬加工中的应用进展

果胶酶是指分解果胶物质的多种酶的总称。果胶酶分布很广,可来源于动物、植物和微生物。果胶酶在工业生产领域中是一种重要的新兴酶类,在果蔬加工、饲料、纺织和造纸工业中应用非常广泛。本文介绍了果胶酶的微生物来源、分类及其在果蔬加工中的应用进展。     

天麻生长地土壤微生物群落的初步分析

目的考察天麻生长地局部微生物群落的生态特征,探索可能会影响天麻品质的土壤微生态因素。方法选择天麻采收期采集不同产地的野生和栽培天麻生长地土壤样本,主要采用平板稀释法检测土壤中真菌、细菌、放线菌总数及优势菌的构成状况,初步分析天麻生长地土壤微生物群落的组成状况。结果所采集天麻生长地土壤样本中,来自不同产地的野生天麻细菌总数和细菌／真菌比值明显低于栽培天麻（P〈0．05）,其他指标基本一致;野生天麻生长地局部土壤中优势菌的种类比栽培天麻复杂,且许多种类为非共有。结论不同产地野生和栽培天麻生长地土壤微生物的组成存在差异,可能是影响天麻品质的重要生态因子。     

Methanol utilization by a strain of Aspergillus niger: influence on the synthesis and activity of pectinases

During the production of pectinases by a strain of Aspergillus niger isolated from rotten lemons, methanol was liberated into the medium due to the cleavage of the pectin molecule used as the carbon source. The methanol was subsequently consumed by the microorganism but neither the synthesis nor the activity of pectinesterase and polygalacturonase was affected. Although not studied in detail, the mechanism involved in the utilization of methanol is similar to that described for methylotrophic yeasts.     

Pectin: cell biology and prospects for functional analysis

Pectin is a major component of primary cell walls of all land plants and encompasses a range of galacturonic acid-rich polysaccharides. Three major pectic polysaccharides (homogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan-I and rhamnogalacturonan-II) are thought to occur in all primary cell walls. This review surveys what is known about the structure and function of these pectin domains. The high degree of structural complexity and heterogeneity of the pectic matrix is produced both during biosynthesis in the endomembrane system and as a result of the action of an array of wall-based pectin-modifying enzymes. Recent developments in analytical techniques and in the generation of anti-pectin probes have begun to place the structural complexity of pectin in cell biological and developmental contexts. The in muro de-methyl-esterification of homogalacturonan by pectin methyl esterases is emerging as a key process for the local modulation of matrix properties. Rhamnogalacturonan-I comprises a highly diverse population of spatially and developmentally regulated polymers, whereas rhamnogalacturonan-II appears to be a highly conserved and stable pectic domain. Current knowledge of biosynthetic enzymes, plant and microbial pectinases and the interactions of pectin with other cell wall components and the impact of molecular genetic approaches are reviewed in terms of the functional analysis of pectic polysaccharides in plant growth and development.     

Effet de L'acide Caféoylshikimique des Racines du Palmier Dattier sur L'activité et la Production des Enzymes Hydrolytiques de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis

Effect of caffeoylshikimic acid of date palm roots on activity and production of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis cell wall‐degrading enzymes The caffeoylshikimic acid (CSA), a major phenolic compound of date palm roots, represents one of the resistance factors of the host to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis. The CSA was tested at various concentrations (0,25 to 3 µ mol/ml) on the activity and the production of F. oxysporum f. sp. albediniscell wall‐degrading enzymes (CWDE): proteases, cellulases, pectinemethyl‐esterases (PME), polygalacturonases (PG) and polygalacturonate trans‐eliminases (PGTE). The results obtained show that CSA had very little effect on the activity of the various enzymes although it greatly reduced their production. The mycelial growth was also affected by CSA, but this does not explain why only the production of CWDE was noticeably reduced. In order to explain this differential effect of CSA on the activity and production of CWDE, in one group of experiments the effects of the products of hydrolysis of CSA (caffeic acid and shikimic acid) was tested and in another, the effect of the products of CSA (quinones) obtained by tyrosinase oxidation was investigated. The results obtained show that the shikimic acid did not have a significant effect on the activity of the CWDE but presented a weak inhibition of their production.The caffeic acid showed a larger inhibition of the activity of the various CWDE that was more than that of CSA and its inhibiting effect appeared to be more important during their production. The oxidation of CSA by tyrosinase was accompanied by a greater inhibition of the activity of the various CWDE. This inhibition was appreciable in comparison with that observed due to the effect of non‐oxidized CSA on CWDE production. In the same way, oxidation of caffeic acid provoked a greater inhibiting effect on the activity of CWDE than unoxidized caffeic acid. These results suggests that CSA generates products of hydrolysis (in particular caffeic acid) and products of oxidation (quinones) which inhibit the activity of the proteolytic, cellulolytic and pectinolytic enzymes produced by F. oxysporum f. sp. albedinis in the culture medium.     

Hygienic quality and antibiotic resistance profile of sliced butchery

In order to investigate the microbiological quality of different meat products on the Greek market, 200 samples were collected from the following preparations: boiled turkey (n = 50), boiled pork ham (n = 50), smoked turkey (n = 50) and smoked pork ham (n = 50).In all cold meat preparations Clostridium perfringens vegetative and spore forms, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and other Clostridium sp lec(-), as well as Lactobacillus, Bacillus sp. and Salmonella sp. were recovered. For instance Bacillus cereus was present in 6% of the samples.L. monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli were rarely present (1–4%) while Yersinia enterocolitica and Campylobacter lari were absent. Differences in the occurrence of S. aureus, Salmonella sp., E. coli and spore forms of C. perfringens in boiled and smoked samples, reflects either the differences in the processing of the foods or could be associated to the extensive handling by the personnel during the purchasing (storage, slicing, wrapping).Antibiotic resistance on specific antibiotics for each pathogen was also studied. A multiresistance antibiotic profile was effective for most bacterial strains, and pronounced resistance profiles were observed for the commonly used antibiotics as ampicillin, penicillin, cephalothin, streptomycin followed by ceftriaxone and gentamycin. Albeit this high observed resistance profile, the tested strains generally conserved their susceptibility to amikacin, aztreonam, chloramphenicol and tylosin conserved an almost absent resistance. Antibiotics commonly used for therapeutic purposes, as well as antibiotics added to feed stuff of animals for increasing animal flesh production should contribute to the extensive spreading of antibiotic resistance in food and the environment.Systematically monitoring of the microbiological quality of cold butchery preparations must be done, in order to preserve food quality, optimizing the processing and elaboration methods of the product and safeguard the public health.