山地麻蜥主要贮能部位水分含量和能值的年变化

研究了安徽宿州山地麻蜥主要贮能部位水分含量和能值的年变化。蜥蜴分别于2001年9-11月和2002年3—8月逐月捕回,经测量、称重后解剖分离为躯干(包括尾)、肝脏和腹脂肪体三组分。所有样品65℃恒温干燥至恒重,用索氏脂肪提取器测定脂肪含量,微电脑热量计测定能值。本研究结果显示：雄体躯干、肝脏水分含量显著高于雌体,躯干、肝脏水分含量的月间差异显著;雄体躯干、脱脂躯干能值显著高于雌体,躯干、脱脂躯干能值的月间差异显著;雄体肝脏能值、脱脂肝脏能值以及腹脂肪体能值显著低于雌体,肝脏能值、脱脂肝脏能值以及腹脂肪体能值的月间差异显著。上述结果表明,山地麻蜥躯干、肝脏以及腹脂肪体能值的年变化与繁殖和冬眠关系密切,繁殖期雄体适度贮能有利于提高运动的敏捷性;雌体适度贮能有利于增加繁殖输出,提高野外生存和适应性。     

福建永春闽楠天然林植物区系和物种多样性研究

通过对福建永春闽楠天然林群落进行系统调查,并对该群落植物区系成分、垂直结构特征和物种多样性进行分析。结果表明,该群落共有维管束植物231种,隶属于87科172属。各层次区系均以泛热带和热带亚洲成分较高。群落垂直结构复杂,物种多样性指数以灌木层最高。     

盐城自然保护区的缓冲带设计——以丹顶鹤为目标种分析

自然保护区缓冲带的设计涉及生态、地形地貌等自然因素和社会、经济等因素。据此提出科学设计缓冲带的方法。根据外界因素对核心区影响程度的不同,将核心区外界分为不同区段分别进行缓冲带的设计;运用ＡＨＰ法,通过对核心区外界影响因素的分析,确定不同区段缓冲带的宽度。通过对盐城自然保护区的缓冲带设计,证明该方法具有较强的科学性及可操作性。     

慢性乙肝肝硬化患者肝性脑病不同分级与肝脏储备功能的相关性

回顾性研究分析慢性乙肝肝硬化并发不同分级的肝性脑病（HE）患者的临床特点,探究影响HE患者预后的因素。

将380例HE患者根据临床症状进行分级,分为1～4级。分析各级HE患者的性别、年龄、实验室检查情况、终末期肝病模型（MELD）、谷草转氨酶与血小板计数比值（APRI）及白蛋白与总胆红素比值（ALBI）。采用Spearman相关性分析轻、重型HE的影响因素,并使用多因素Logistic回归法分析HE预后的影响因素,最后选用ROC曲线来评估各种独立变量对HE预后的预测价值。

1～4级HE患者组间性别、年龄差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）,而血氨、MELD、APRI和ALB差异均有统计学差异（均P＜0.05）。轻、重型HE患者中性粒细胞计数和淋巴细胞计数的比值（NLR）、血氨、总胆红素（TBil）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、MELD、APRI及ALBI差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。相关性分析显示,NLR、PLR、血氨、TBIL、ALT、AST及TNF-α是重型HE的独立影响因素。血氨及MELD评分与肝脏储备功能的相关性最高。NLR、血氨、TBil、TNF-α、高MELD评分及合并电解质紊乱均为HE预后的独立影响因素。ROC曲线分析显示,NLR的曲线下面积最大,其灵敏度最高、特异度也最大。

MELD、APRI和ALBI可用来评估不同分级HE患者的肝脏储备功能。在轻、重型HE中,血氨及MELD评分影响最大。在评估预后影响因素中,NLR水平可作为HE患者预后不良的危险因素。

     

The business of biodiversity – What is needed for biodiversity markets to work

There has been considerable discussion in Australia about market-based initiatives with the potential to bring effective incentives and greater investment for farmers and other land managers to promote biodiversity conservation. These initiatives include biodiversity trading markets (also termed the nature repair market), stewardship schemes, certification programmes, sustainability frameworks, and natural capital accounting. We welcome these discussions and believe these initiatives would be true advances if they bring much greater investment in conservation and stronger protection and recovery of biodiversity. However, we also have major concerns about the integrity and scientific credibility of some of these initiatives. In this article, we discuss why it is critical that such initiatives both carefully define biodiversity and determine what elements of biodiversity are to be targeted in conservation efforts. We also discuss the fundamental importance of appropriate and agreed biodiversity metrics, as well as the critical need for rigorous, well designed and independent biodiversity monitoring. To ensure that initiatives like biodiversity trading markets, stewardship schemes, certification programmes, sustainability frameworks and natural capital accounting are rigorous, non-corruptible and actually deliver what they are intended to do, they will need to be underpinned by appropriate programme designs. This includes robust and transparent governance structures, high-quality monitoring and timely reporting of key metrics.     

基于生态系统服务的海南岛自然保护区体系规划

随着我国生物多样性保护与生态建设的发展,区域尺度自然保护区体系规划得到广泛的关注.以海南岛为例,探索了利用生态系统服务空间格局进行区域自然保护区规划的方法.研究中,首先从生物多样性分布、水源涵养、水资源保护、土壤保持和海岸带防护等5个方面分析了海南岛生态系统服务的空间格局,综合评价单元生态系统重要性;然后基于生态系统服务综合评价结果,并根据海南省保护自然过程与生物多样性并重的要求,识别出生态重要性高但无保护区或保护面积不足的空间单元,提出海南岛自然保护区体系规划.根据本规划,海南岛将共建成规范完善的自然保护区42个,总面积290.14万hm2.其中,陆地自然保护区面积41.26万hm2,占海南岛陆地总面积的11.79％.新建保护区4个(面积8.80万hm2),调整保护区4个(扩大面积8.01万公顷),优化整合原有保护区中的17个为6个,升级保护区4个.结果表明,基于生态系统服务的自然保护区体系规划有助于发挥自然保护区的综合效益,并具有更强的可操作性.将生态系统服务纳入自然保护区体系规划应是今后的发展方向.     

荷兰“绿心”——国家景观中基于适应气候变化的景观设计

适应气候变化是景观设计中一个密切相关的主题,通过两个设计案例进行研究。1）“绿心”气候公园。体现了倡导的设计思想和区域性研究成果。“绿心”研究计划始于2010年,最初是为经济、农业和创新的综合创新网络部门制定。该计划建议：将填海造地和脆弱的泥炭地转变为“气候缓冲区”,使水系统更具弹性、减少土地沉降、抵御洪水,并通过恢复泥炭地来吸收CO2,有助于抵消温室效应。“气候缓冲区”也为800万居民增加了景观的多样性和吸引力。2）阿姆斯特尔兰专题研究。 阿姆斯特尔兰是紧靠阿姆斯特丹南部的一个具有吸引力的农村地区,也是“绿心国家景观”的一部分。“绿心”区域设计研究、阿姆斯特尔兰专题研究于2019年开展,由我们担任北荷兰、南荷兰和乌得勒支的空间质量省级顾问。阿姆斯特尔兰是“绿心”中一个具有文化和历史价值的开放式农业景观,沿经阿姆斯特尔河渗入阿姆斯特丹的城市肌理中。对于该区域探究了2种设计思路及方案。1）如何使农业景观具有可持续性且不受气候影响;2）将农业景观转变为自然景观并积极促进泥炭地的增长,会产生什么意义。这2个方案的目标一致,都旨在保留阿姆斯特尔兰,使之成为阿姆斯特丹周边城区的一处重要的开放空间。     

Ecology – a science put to use

There is no lack of pretext for reviewing historically how ecologists have striven to gain the respect of scholars in their own and other fields, and to demonstrate the wider public-utility of their science. If self-serving, in terms of securing the scope and resources required to advance their studies in ecology, such activities have also been encouraged, and indeed commissioned, in the belief that a greater awareness and understanding of the natural world is essential for human wellbeing. Illustrative material is drawn from the British experience.     

基于MODIS-EVI评估三江源高寒草地的保护成效

三江源是我国生态保护的优先区域。自2005年以来, 国家投入大量资金在三江源实施了一系列生态保护措施和工程, 主要目的之一是保护和恢复草地生态系统。本文基于中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)增强型植被指数(EVI)数据和野外实测样方, 从草地生物量的角度评估了三江源工程的保护成效, 以期为后续的保护措施提供参考。本文使用2000-2016年间在青藏高原248个样地的实测地上生物量数据和同期的EVI数据, 比较了通过EVI估算草地地上生物量的不同建模方法, 并从中选择表现最佳的乘幂模型反演了三江源高寒草地的地上生物量, 用趋势分析法得出了生物量的变化。结果显示, 2000-2016年间, 三江源高寒草地地上生物量没有发生显著变化的面积占62%, 显著增加的地方主要在西部和北部, 占22%, 显著减少的地方则主要在中部和南部, 占16%; 2000-2016年间, 草地地上生物量的年际波动较大, 但总趋势不显著; 在2012年后, 地上生物量表现出显著降低的趋势。三江源国家级自然保护区外部的草地地上生物量高于内部, 使用匹配法比较保护区内外草地地上生物量变化的情况, 结果发现在生态保护工程实施的2005-2012年间, 三江源保护区内的草地生物量没有显著增加。     

Human–Dolphin Interactions: Relationships,Connections, and the Reinforcement of an Ongoing Nature Relationship

Although interactions between humans and wild animals have been explored in the literature, the mechanism for how such experiences influence wellbeing is an area needing further examination. This research used Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis to explore the narratives of wellbeing from eight semi-structured interviews with people who had experienced intense close encounters with dolphins. Despite idiographic differences between narratives, a common theme of Relationships and Connectedness between participants and nonhuman animals emerged. The expression of this indicates that human–dolphin experiences fulfill aspects of the human need for connection and relationships and that the experiences promote wellbeing and environmental behaviors. This is contextualized within an ongoing nature relationship and the importance of a lifelong connection with wildlife, to ensure that humans see themselves as part of the natural world. Such a dynamic is discussed within the frame of the biophilia hypothesis and the importance of human contact with nature to ensure wellbeing. The narratives reported here describe strong emotional connections, transmitted through both tangible and perceived contact with dolphins, which translate into positive senses of emotion and wellbeing. The connections described are powerful: perceptions of communion and mutual exchange become articulated through rhetoric of friendship and kinship. Importantly, it appears that dolphin encounters are signifiers of wider relationships, both with nature and people. In this case, participants are reinforcing established habits of nature connectedness, habits reflecting a lifelong involvement with nonhuman animals. How connection with wild animals as a part of nature can promote wellbeing and in turn encourage environmental behavior is discussed in the context of the contemporary need for human responsibility to ensure the protection of nature and the survival of nonhuman animal species and habitats.