Cholesterol Esters in Rat Brain Infected with Acute Measles Encephalitis: Concentration and Fatty Acid Composition

The present study deals with the concentration and fatty acid composition of cholesterol esters in rat brains infected experimentally with measles virus to induce acute encephalitis. The left side of the cerebrum, as well as other portions of the brain, when inoculated percutaneously contained a large amount of cholesterol esters. The major fatty acids from the esters in the brain were C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, and C18:1; those from the serum were C18:1, C18:2, and C20:4. This result indicates that cholesterol esters may not come from serum but can be synthesized in situ, even in the brain with acute viral infection.     

220例成人麻疹临床特征分析

本文旨在回顾性分析2003年1月～2008年12月上海交通大学附属第六人民医院收治的220例成人麻疹患者临床资料,探讨成人麻疹患者临床特征。220例患者(男124例,女96例),平均年龄(34.6±4.2)岁,外来人员占70.91%,发病集中于4、5月,血清麻疹IgM抗体阳性率为93.18%,183例(83.18%)热峰高于39℃,86例(39.09%)并发麻疹病毒性肝炎,31例(14.09%)并发腹泻。麻疹发病年龄后移,具有较重的病毒血症以及肝脏损害等临床特征。     

麻疹疫苗生产用毒株沪191增殖的动力学研究

通过延长麻疹病毒生产中感染的基质细胞培养时间并连续收获病毒,获得麻疹病毒生产的动力学曲线;通过工艺放大阶段的病毒增殖动力学研究,提高麻疹病毒产量。采用直接接种和间接接种法,接种不同感染量(MOI)的病毒,将转瓶培养单次收获改为转瓶培养多次收获,滴定整个培养期间每次收获液的病毒滴度,观察感染的细胞培养维持状况并计算病毒产量。结果表明,直接接种病毒培养期为20~25d,共收获病毒14~17次;间接接种病毒培养期24d,共收获病毒29次。通过延长感染细胞培养时间和连续收获病毒,获得病毒繁殖的动力学曲线。通过麻疹毒株的增殖动力学研究获得了麻疹疫苗生产毒株沪191增殖动力学相关参数。     

潍坊市健康人群麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎抗体水平调查

目的了解潍坊市健康人群麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎血清抗体水平,为消除麻疹、控制风疹及腮腺炎疫情提供依据。方法 2011年8月,采集昌乐、潍城2个县区<2、2～5、5～8、8～11、11～15、15～20、20～40、>40岁健康人群血标本,应用酶联免疫吸附试验检测麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎IgG抗体。结果检测总数320人,其中昌乐县健康人群的麻疹抗体阳性率为98.75%、潍城为96.25%;风疹抗体阳性率昌乐县健康人群为89.38%、潍城区为91.88%。昌乐、潍城两地区健康人群麻疹、风疹的抗体阳性率差异均无统计学意义(χ2=1.15、0.59,P>0.05);昌乐县健康人群腮腺炎抗体阳性率为84.38%、潍城区健康人群为66.25%,两者差异有统计学意义(χ2=14.14,P<0.01);8组不同年龄健康人群的麻疹抗体阳性率为92.50%～100%,风疹抗体阳性率为87.50%～92.50%,腮腺炎抗体阳性率为67.50%～85.00%,各年龄组间均无统计学意义(χ2=13.49、1.58、5.23,P>0.05)。结论潍坊市麻疹抗体阳性率较高,风疹、腮腺炎抗体阳性率相对偏低,今后须要积极开展学龄儿童麻腮风三联疫苗的查漏补种工作。     

Isolation and Complete Nucleotide Sequence of the Measles Virus IMB-1 Strain in China

The complete nucleotide sequence of the measles virus strain IMB-1,which was isolated in China,was determined.As in other measles viruses,its genome is 15,894 nucleotides in length and encodes six proteins.The full-length nucleotide sequence of the IMB-1 isolate differed from vaccine strains (including wild-type Edmonston strain) by 4%-5% at the nucleotide sequence level.This isolate has amino acid variations over the full genome,including in the hemagglutinin and fusion genes.This report is the first to de...     

Isolation and complete nucleotide sequence of the measles virus IMB-1 strain in China

The complete nucleotide sequence of the measles virus strain IMB-1, which was isolated in China, was determined. As in other measles viruses, its genome is 15,894 nucleotides in length and encodes six proteins. The full-length nucleotide sequence of the IMB-1 isolate differed from vaccine strains (including wild-type Edmonston strain) by 4%–5% at the nucleotide sequence level. This isolate has amino acid variations over the full genome, including in the hemagglutinin and fusion genes. This report is the first to describe the full-length genome of a genotype H1 strain and provide an overview of the diversity of genetic characteristics of a circulating measles virus.     

The correlation between infectivity and incubation period of measles, estimated from households with two cases

The generation time of an infectious disease is the time between infection of a primary case and infection of a secondary case by the primary case. Its distribution plays a key role in understanding the dynamics of infectious diseases in populations, e.g. in estimating the basic reproduction number. Moreover, the generation time and incubation period distributions together characterize the effectiveness of control by isolation and quarantine. In modelling studies, a relation between the two is often not made specific, but a correlation is biologically plausible. However, it is difficult to establish such correlation, because of the unobservable nature of infection events. We have quantified a joint distribution of generation time and incubation period by a novel estimation method for household data with two susceptible individuals, consisting of time intervals between disease onsets of two measles cases. We used two such datasets, and a separate incubation period dataset. Results indicate that the mean incubation period and the generation time of measles are positively correlated, and that both lie in the range of 11-12 days, suggesting that infectiousness of measles cases increases significantly around the time of symptom onset. The correlation between times from infection to secondary transmission and to symptom onset could critically affect the predicted effectiveness of isolation and quarantine.     

Recurring measles epidemic in Vietnam 2005-2009: implication for strengthened control strategies

Background: Measles remains a serious vaccine preventable cause of mortality in developing nations. Vietnam is aiming to achieve the level of immunity required to eliminate measles by maintaining a high coverage of routine first vaccinations in infants, routine second vaccinations at school entry and supplementary local campaigns in high-risk areas. Regular outbreaks of measles are reported, during 2005-2009.Methods: National measles case-based surveillance data collected during 2005-June 2009 was analyzed to assess the epidemiological trend and risk factors associated with measles outbreak in Vietnam.Results: Of the 36,282 measles suspected cases reported nationwide, only 7,086 cases were confirmed through laboratory examination. Although cyclical outbreaks occurred between 2005 and 2009, there was no definite trend in measles outbreaks during these periods. Overall, 2438 of measles confirmed cases were among children ≤5 years and 3068 cases were among people ≥16 years. The distribution with respect to gender skewed towards male (3667 cases) significant difference was not observed (P= 0.1693). Unsurprisingly, 4493 of the confirmed cases had no history of vaccination (X² <0.01). The northern and highland regions were identified as the main endemic foci and the spatial distribution changed with time. The occurrence of cases, in a considerable proportion of vaccinated population, is not only a reflection of the high vaccination coverage in Vietnam but also portrays a possibility of less than 100% vaccine efficacy. More so, in order to prevent measles in adults, high-risk groups must be identified and catch-up for selected groups selected.Conclusions: This study therefore reinforces the need for continued improvement of surveillance system and to probe into the possible role of changes in age-distribution of cases if the effective control of measles is to be achieved.     

潍坊市2007-2012年消除麻疹策略与效果评价

目的了解潍坊市2007-2012年麻疹疫情流行规律,为消除麻疹策略提供科学依据。方法采用描述性流行病学方法,研究探讨潍坊市2007-2012年麻疹流行规律。结果2007-2012年潍坊市报告麻疹确诊病例385例,均为散发病例,无死亡病例,年均发病率为0．72／10万,其中2008、2010年出现两个发病高峰,发病率分别为1．49／10万、1．17／10万,2012年发病率降至0．033／10万。3-5月为发病高峰,病例主要集中在寿光、诸城、安丘、青州四个市,占72．73％（280／385）。发病年龄最小2个月,最大63岁,病例年龄以〈1岁婴儿和20-44岁成年人为主。职业以民工、工人、农民和散居儿童为主,民工、工人和农民所占比例平均为52．47％（202／385）;散居儿童所占比例平均为22．08％（85／385）;民工、工人、农民和散居儿童发病人群所占比例逐渐升高,托幼儿童和学生逐渐降低。≥8月龄病例中有明确麻疹疫苗免疫史者96例,占26．74％;其中8月龄～14岁有明确麻疹免疫史者66例,占该年龄组病例的66％。结论潍坊市麻疹发病年龄构成以小于1岁婴儿和20～44岁成年人为主,出现向两极移动现象,1岁以下婴幼儿发病呈上升趋势。今后要提高常规免疫接种率和及时接种率,降低小年龄儿童麻疹发病率,适时对重点地区、重点人群开展麻疹疫苗强化免疫,消除免疫空白。     

6′-Fluoro-3-deazaneplanocin: Synthesis and antiviral properties,including Ebola

A convenient stereospecific synthesis of 6′-fluoro-3-deazaneplanocin (6) has been accomplished from d-ribose in 15 steps. It is reported to possess significant activity towards Ebola (Zaire, Vero, μM: EC₅₀?<?0.36; CC₅₀ 125; SI?>?347) with moderate inhibition of the target enzyme (S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase), which did not correlate directly with its anti-Ebola effects. Compound 6, with limited cytotoxicity, also displayed activity against measles, H1N1 and Pichinde.