全文获取类型
收费全文 | 7065篇 |
免费 | 709篇 |
国内免费 | 169篇 |
专业分类
7943篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 8篇 |
2023年 | 161篇 |
2022年 | 105篇 |
2021年 | 190篇 |
2020年 | 256篇 |
2019年 | 304篇 |
2018年 | 279篇 |
2017年 | 279篇 |
2016年 | 276篇 |
2015年 | 271篇 |
2014年 | 358篇 |
2013年 | 483篇 |
2012年 | 276篇 |
2011年 | 348篇 |
2010年 | 320篇 |
2009年 | 383篇 |
2008年 | 445篇 |
2007年 | 450篇 |
2006年 | 338篇 |
2005年 | 285篇 |
2004年 | 271篇 |
2003年 | 188篇 |
2002年 | 200篇 |
2001年 | 171篇 |
2000年 | 135篇 |
1999年 | 134篇 |
1998年 | 105篇 |
1997年 | 83篇 |
1996年 | 85篇 |
1995年 | 73篇 |
1994年 | 75篇 |
1993年 | 54篇 |
1992年 | 56篇 |
1991年 | 70篇 |
1990年 | 40篇 |
1989年 | 37篇 |
1988年 | 35篇 |
1987年 | 40篇 |
1986年 | 29篇 |
1985年 | 32篇 |
1984年 | 31篇 |
1983年 | 14篇 |
1982年 | 50篇 |
1981年 | 24篇 |
1980年 | 20篇 |
1979年 | 17篇 |
1978年 | 10篇 |
1974年 | 7篇 |
1973年 | 12篇 |
1972年 | 13篇 |
排序方式: 共有7943条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
Michael J. Jenkins James Sneyd Scott Camazine J. D. Murray 《Journal of mathematical biology》1992,30(3):281-306
We present a simplified version of a previously presented model (Camazine et al. (1990)) that generates the characteristic
pattern of honey, pollen and brood which develops on combs in honey bee colonies. We demonstrate that the formation of a band
of pollen surrounding the brood area is dependent on the assumed form of the honey and pollen removal terms, and that a significant
pollen band arises as the parameter controlling the rate of pollen input passes through a bifurcation value. The persistence
of the pollen band after a temporary increase in pollen input can be predicted from the model. We also determine conditions
on the parameters which ensure the accumulation of honey in the periphery and demonstrate that, although there is an important
qualitative difference between the simplified and complete models, an analysis of the simplified version helps us understand
many biological aspects of the more complex complete model.
Corresponding author 相似文献
32.
Guild structure in solitary spider-hunting wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) compared with null model predictions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
JEREMY FIELD 《Ecological Entomology》1992,17(3):198-208
Abstract.
- 1 Three aspects of prey utilization are documented in a guild of spider-hunting pompilid wasps at a Breckland heath site: female phenology, size, and microhabitat utilization.
- 2 Twenty-four species were present at the site, 59% of the British fauna. Ten species individually represented more than 1% of the guild.
- 3 Pompilid abundance peaked in early July and mid-late August. Anoplius viaticus had a different life-history from other common guild members, making its inclusion in the guild questionable.
- 4 Most species represented by large samples occurred in all microhabitats and time intervals, and all species overlapped in size with all other species except A. viaticus. Arachnospila anceps was numerically dominant in all microhabitats and most time intervals.
- 5 Mean pair-wise overlaps in phenology and microhabitat utilization were significantly lower than predicted by null models, consistent with the idea that interspecific competition has been important in determining guild structure.
- 6 Female size is highly correlated with prey size, but the distribution of mean female sizes did not generally differ from null expectations.
- 7 Interpretation of comparisons with null models is problematic, particularly because it is difficult to quantify evolutionary ‘favourability’ of different resource states. Null models are currently of limited use because the patterns expected to result from key processes such as competition are uncertain in multi-dimensional systems.
33.
Bhabesh Sen Franklin A. Graybill Naitee Ting 《Biometrical journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift》1992,34(3):259-274
The model considered in this article is the two-factor nested unbalanced variance component model: for p = 1, 2, …, P; q = 1, 2, …, Qp; and r = 1, 2, …, Rpq. The random variables Ypqr are observable. The constant μ is an unknown parameter, and Ap, Bpq and Cpqr are (unobservable) normal and independently distributed random variables with zero means and finite variances σ2A, σ2B, and σ2C, respectively. Approximate confidence intervals on ?A and ?B using unweighted means are derived, where The performance of these approximate confidence intervals are evaluated using computer simulation. The simulated results indicate that these proposed confidence intervals perform satisfactorily and can be used in applied problems. 相似文献
34.
Summary As clonal plants grow they move through space. The movement patterns that result can be complex and difficult to interpret without the aid of models. We developed a stochastic simulation model of clonal growth in the tall goldenrod, Solidago altissima. Our model was calibrated with field data on the clonal expansion of both seedlings and established clones, and model assumptions were verified by statistical analyses.When simulations were based on empirical distributions with long rhizome lengths, there was greater dispersal, less leaf overlap, and less spatial aggregation than when simulations were based on distributions with comparatively short rhizome lengths. For the field data that we utilized, variation in rhizome lengths had a greater effect than variation for either branching angles or rhizome initiation points (see text). We also found that observed patterns of clonal growth in S. altissima did not cause the formation of fairy rings. However, simulations with an artificial distribution of branching angles demonstrate that fairy rings can result solely from a plant's clonal morphology.Stochastic simulation models that incorporated variation in rhizome lengths, branching angles, and rhizome initiation points produced greater dispersal and less leaf overlap than deterministic models. Thus, variation for clonal growth parameters may increase the efficiency of substrate exploration by increasing the area covered and by decreasing the potential for intraclonal competition. We also demonstrated that ramet displacements were slightly, but consistently lower in stochastic simulation models than in random-walk models. This difference was due to the incorporation of details on rhizome bud initiation into stochastic simulation models, but not random-walk models. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of deterministic, stochastic simulation, and random-walk models of clonal growth. 相似文献
35.
Influence of aphid size,age and behaviour on host choice by the parasitoid wasp Ephedrus californicus: a test of host-size models 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary When host quality varies, parasitoid wasps are expected to oviposit selectively in high-quality hosts. We tested the assumption underlying host-size models that, for solitary species of wasps, quality is based on host size. Using Ephedrus californicus, a solitary endoparasitoid of the pea aphid, we evaluated the influence of aphid size (= mass), age and defensive behaviours on host selection. Experienced parasitoid females were given a choice among three classes of 5-day-old apterous nymphs: small aphids that had been starved daily for 4 h (S4) and 6 h (S6) respectively, and large aphids permitted to feed (F) normally. Wasps attacked more, and laid more eggs in, small than large aphids (S6>S4>F). This rank-order for attack did not change when females could choose among aphids of the same size that differed in age; however, wasps oviposited in all attacked aphids with equal probability. Host size did not influence parasitoid attack rates when aphids were anaesthetized so that they could not escape or defend themselves. As predicted by host-size models, wasp size increased with host size (F>S4; S6), but large wasps required longer to complete development than their smaller counterparts (S4E. californicus reflects a trade-off between maximization of fitness gains per egg and the economics of search-time allocation. Because large aphids are more likely to escape parasitization, a wasp must balance her potential gain in fitness by ovipositinng in a high-quality (large) aphid against her potential cost in terms of lost opportunity time if the attack fails. 相似文献
36.
M. K. Chandrashekaran G. Marimuthu R. Subbaraj P. Kumarasamy M. S. Ramkumar K. Sripathi 《Journal of biosciences》1991,16(3):97-101
Several bodily functions in humans vary on a 24 h pattern and most of these variations persist with a circadian period ofca 25 h when subjects are studied under conditions of social and temporal isolation. We report in this paper that the estimates
of short time intervals (TE) of 2 h are strongly coupled to the circadian rhythm in sleepwakefulness. There is a linear correlation
between the number of hours humans stay awake (α) and their estimation of 2 h intervals. The coupling of TE to α appears to
obtain only under conditions of physical well-being. 相似文献
37.
The pathogenesis of neuronal dysfunction in the gangliosidoses is poorly understood. Studies of the feline gangliosidoses and in vitro experiments implicate ganglioside inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) in the pathogenesis of these neurological diseases. Therefore, in the present study, the binding of [3H]phorbol-12, 13 dibutyrate was measured to determine the levels of PKC in cerebral cortex of cats with GM1 gangliosidosis (mutant) and age matched normal siblings. This binding of ([3H]PDB) to cerebral cortex homogenates in both normal and mutant cats was highly specific. The specificity of receptors was ascertained also from displacement studies using nonradioactive phorbol ester analogues to displace [3H]PDB bound to its receptors. In both mutant and normal cat brain, phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate (PDB), 4--phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (-PDA) and 4--phorbol 12,13-dibenzoate (-PDBz) were highly potent (approximately to same degree) and effective in displacing [3H]PDB. On the other hand, 4- phorbol 12,13-diacetate (-PDA) was a weak displacer and 4--phorbol did not displace the bound [3H]PDB in either normal or mutant brain. Scatchard analysis of the binding data indicated a homogenous single class of binding sites in normal and mutant brain (Normal: Kd=1.42×10–7 M, Bmax=8.40 pmoles/mg protein. Mutant: Kd=1.60×10–7 M, Bmax=10.00 pmoles/mg protein). Sphingosine inhibited the binding to approximately the same extent in normal and mutant cortex. These studies demonstrate the presence of highly specific, homogenous, single type phorbol ester receptors in cerebral cortex of cats with GM1 gangliosidosis which are qualitatively and quantitatively similar to normal cat brain. 相似文献
38.
E. Grist A. D. Woodhead C. Carlson 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1986,22(11):677-680
Summary Several established cell lines from different classes of vertebrates were assayed for the presence of O6-methylguanine acceptor protein. This protein is instrumental in removing adducts from DNA caused by exposure to alkylating
agents. Cultured cells had levels of acceptor protein activity within the range found in fresh tissues from animals in the
same class. We suggest that cells from lower vertebrates are satisfactory in vitro models for studies of this DNA repair function. 相似文献
39.
W. L. C. Vaz D. Hallmann R. M. Clegg A. Gambacorta M. De Rosa 《European biophysics journal : EBJ》1985,12(1):19-24
We have used the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching technique to study the translational diffusion, in L phase multibilayers of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC), of fluorescent derivatives of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (NBD-POPE) and a membrane-spanning phosphatidylethanolamine (NBD-MSPE). The latter derivative was prepared from a membrane-spanning glycerol-dialkyl-glycerol tetraether lipid isolated from the thermophilic and acidophilic archaebacterium Sulfolobus solfataricus. The translational diffusion was examined between about 15° and 45°C. It is shown that over this temperature range the translational diffusion coefficient for NBD-MSPE is 2/3 that for NBD-POPE which spans only one monolayer of the bilayer. The result is interpreted in terms of existing models for translational diffusion in lipid membranes.Abbreviations D
t
translational diffusion coefficient
- FRAP
fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
- MSPE
a membrane-spanning phosphatidylethanolamine derived from a glycerol-dialkyl-glycerol tetraether lipid isolated from Sulfolobus solfataricus
- NBD
4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazolyl
- PE
phosphatidylethanolamine
- POPC
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
- POPE
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine 相似文献
40.
M. G. Roberts 《Journal of mathematical biology》1985,22(3):303-311
A general formulation for a family of cyclic epidemic models with density-dependent feedback mechanisms and removed classes is presented. A parameter, , related to the basic reproductive rate determines the asymptotic behaviour of solutions of the model. It is shown that if <1 the trivial solution is globally stable, and if >1 it is conditionally stable. The results are applied to a set of differential equations that has been used to model the life cycle of a parasite that has two hosts. 相似文献