Improvement of small seed for big nutritional feed

Exploding global population, rapid urbanization, salinization of soils, decreasing arable land availability, groundwater resources, and dynamic climatic conditions pose impending damage to our food security by reducing the grain quality and quantity. This issue is further compounded in arid and semi-arid regions due to the shortage of irrigation water and erratic rainfalls. Millets are gluten (a family of proteins)-free and cultivated all over the globe for human consumption, fuel, feed, and fodder. They provide nutritional security for the under- and malnourished. With the deployment of strategies like foliar spray, traditional/marker-assisted breeding, identification of candidate genes for the translocation of important minerals, and genome-editing technologies, it is now tenable to biofortify important millets. Since the bioavailability of iron and zinc has been proven in human trials, the challenge is to make such grains accessible. This review encompasses nutritional benefits, progress made, challenges being encountered, and prospects of enriching millet crops with essential minerals.     

油藏嗜热菌与膨润土的相互作用及其对储层防膨的意义

[目的]本文从胜利油田沾3区块的高温油藏的原油采出液中分离得到一株嗜热菌,通过其与膨润土的相互作用,尝试探讨油藏微生物作为油藏储层中水敏性矿物（如蒙皂石）改性剂的可能性。[意义]研究结果将在降低水敏矿物的膨胀性能,为解决水驱采油中遇到的水敏效应的瓶颈问题提供微生物的新途径。[结果]所得菌株为革兰氏阳性菌,呈杆状,具芽孢,兼性厌氧,鉴定为Geobacillus icigianus SL-1。菌株SL-1在厌氧条件下能够还原蒙皂石的结构铁。扫描电镜（SEM）结果显示,无菌对照体系中,蒙皂石呈不规则薄片状。而经微生物作用后,除薄片状蒙皂石外,另有板状次生矿物的生成。进一步能谱（EDS）分析表明,与薄片状蒙皂石相比,板状矿物含有较高的Al/Si比值,且含有明显的K⁺信号。XRD结果显示,经过微生物作用后,固相物质中蒙皂石的百分比下降至47.7%,伊利石百分比上升至29.1%,而无菌对照组中蒙皂石的百分含量则为70.4%,伊利石的百分比则为19.8%。XRD物相分析和EDS结果均证实经过微生物作用后,部分蒙皂石转化成了伊利石。膨胀性能的分析进一步揭示菌株SL-1作用后,矿物膨胀性较初始矿物显著降低,缩膨率达到25.9%。以上结果为油藏储层防膨提供了重要的实验依据。     

难浸金矿微生物预氧化处理研究*

云南镇源难浸金矿样用生物氧化预处理方法,经过２５０ｍＬ摇瓶及１０Ｌ搅拌罐试验后认为：该方法具有较强的优势和很大的工业应用潜力。     

Plant–soil feedback during biological invasions: effect of litter decomposition from an invasive plant (Sphagneticola trilobata) on its native congener (S. calendulacea)

生物入侵过程中的植物-土壤反馈：一种入侵植物的凋落物分解对其本地近缘植物的影响 植物入侵可通过正或负的植物-土壤反馈效应改变土壤的生物和非生物性质,从而影响入侵栖息地的土壤理化性质。许多入侵物种的凋落物分解可增加土壤养分,降低本地植物多样性,并导致进一步的植物入侵。关于入侵植物凋落物在不同土壤类型及深度分解及反馈效应的研究依然很少。本研究旨在明确入侵植物南美蟛蜞菊(Sphagneticola trilobata)凋落物在不同土壤类型和不同土壤深度条件下的分解情 况及其对本地近缘植物蟛蜞菊(S. calendulacea)生理生长的影响。将装有南美蟛蜞菊凋落物的尼龙袋加入到不同深度(即0、2、4 和6 cm)的砂土、营养土和粘土中,经6个月的分解后,回收凋落物袋并计算分解速率,随后在凋落物分解处理后的土壤中种植本地蟛蜞菊,并在生长期结束时测量其生理生态指标。研究结果表明,所有处理土壤类型中,凋落物在土壤深度为2和4 cm处分解后显著增加了土壤养分,而对本 地蟛蜞菊的叶片叶绿素、叶氮含量等生长指标表现为负效应。因此,入侵植物南美蟛蜞菊凋落物分解对土壤养分表现为正的反馈效应,而对本地植物蟛蜞菊的生长表现为负效应。我们的研究结果还表明,入侵植物的凋落物分解对土壤和本地物种的影响还因凋落物分解所在的土壤深度而显著不同。未来的研究应侧重于入侵栖息地中更多本地和入侵物种的植物-土壤反馈效应,以及更多土壤类型和土壤深度的入侵植物凋落物效应。     

Seed dimorphism in Salicornia europaea: Nutrient reserves

Median and lateral seeds of Salicornia europaea L. were separately analysed for their sizes and nutrient reserves. The mean air-dry weight of a single median and lateral seed was 0.31 and 0.25 mg, respectively. The composition as well as the concentration of the nutrient reserves were similar in both seed types. The bulk of the cations was derived from K⁺, followed by Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and Ca²⁺. The chloride content was somewhat higher than the sodium content, and phosphate was equalled by acid soluble Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. Starchy compounds and sucrose were present in equal amounts, each of them accounted for about 50% of the carbohydrates. Glucose and fructose were less than 1%. Protein-nitrogen (ethanol-insoluble N) was about 34 g (kg dry seeds)⁻¹. About 7 g (kg dry seeds)⁻¹ was ethanol-soluble nitrogen, of which 10% was derived from amino acids. The total lipid content was more than 290 g (kg dry seeds)⁻¹, 65% were calculated to be glycerides. More than 90% of the fatty acids consisted of linoleic and oleic acids, the majority (72%) of which was linoleic acid.     

半导体矿物介导非光合微生物利用光电子新途径

自然界中微生物按其能量代谢途径主要分为两种:光能营养微生物和化能营养微生物.化能营养微生物作为非光能营养微生物长期被排除在以日光为能量来源的能量利用途径之外.本文介绍了一种新的微生物能量利用途径,即非光能营养微生物通过半导体矿物光催化作用来利用太阳能进行生长.实验室模拟体系中,金属氧化物、金属硫化物等天然半导体矿物在模拟日光激发下产生的光电子促进了化能自养与异养微生物的生长.研究结果表明微生物的生长与光子能量和光子数量密切相关,同时不同波长光辐照下的微生物生长情况与矿物的光吸收谱相吻合.这一能量利用途径的光能-生物能转化效率为0.13‰-1.90‰.在含有天然半导体矿物与天然微生物的红壤体系中,进一步发现半导体矿物光催化能够明显改变环境微生物的种群结构.已有的研究揭示了一种新发现并极有可能长期在地球上存在的微生物能量利用途径,即通过自然界中半导体矿物日光催化作用产生的光电子能够促进非光能营养微生物的生长代谢活动.     

基于基因芯片对微生物基因功能与群落结构分析的硫化矿生物浸出分析

生物冶金技术因具有流程短、成本低、环境友好, 且特别适合处理低品位、复杂、难处理的矿产资源等优点,已经成为研究热点。然而由于缺少高效菌种以及不能对浸矿体系微生物进行定量分析, 难以对浸矿工艺参数和微生物种群进行优化调控, 从而导致硫化矿生物浸出速度慢、浸出率低。随着基因芯片、菌种保存技术的发展, 这些难题在逐一被解决。对近年来针对硫化矿浸出过程微生物的基因功能与群落结构分析的研究进行了概述, 将帮助我们更好地了解基因组学与生物冶金技术结合的重要作用。     

草酸青霉对含钾矿物风化及钾溶出的影响

【目的】探讨含钾硅酸盐矿物在草酸青霉(Penicillium oxalicum)作用下的风化及钾溶出情况。【方法】利用等离子体发射光谱、X-射线能谱、X-射线光电子能谱分析了3种常见含钾硅酸盐矿物(钾长石、白云母和黑云母)在草酸青霉作用后浸出液和矿物表面元素含量的变化;通过X-射线衍射分析矿物晶相结构的变化;采用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜表征了草酸青霉在矿物表面形成的生物膜;测量了培养液中不同碳源与氮源组分对草酸青霉解钾的影响。【结果】草酸青霉对结构稳定的钾长石和白云母风化速率较低,相比而言黑云母容易被风化并释放可溶性钾元素;草酸青霉在矿物表面形成了网状结构的生物膜,有利于微环境的生成及有机酸在其内的富集,促进微环境内钾的释放,强化微生物对矿物的风化作用;草酸青霉对多种碳源及氮源都表现出较好的适用性。【结论】草酸青霉是一种能够促进多种含钾矿物风化和钾溶出的真菌,在堆肥和生物肥料领域具有广泛的应用前景。     

Effect of Supplemental Trace Minerals on Hsp-70 mRNA Expression in Commercial Broiler Chicken

The effects of supplementing the organic forms of selenium (Se), chromium (Cr), and zinc (Zn) on Hsp-70 mRNA expression and body weight in broiler chickens were evaluated. 200 chicks were equally distributed into stainless steel battery brooders at the rate of 5 birds per pen and reared under heat stress condition up to 42^nd day. The chicks were fed with three experimental diets supplemented with organic forms of Se (0.30?mg/kg), Cr (2?mg/kg), and Zn (40?mg/kg) during the starter and finisher phases and a control diet without any supplementation. On the 21st and 42nd day, 20 birds from each period were sacrificed and samples were collected for analysis. Organic Se, Cr, and Zn supplementation significantly (P?Hsp-70 mRNA levels. The Hsp-70 mRNA expression levels were significantly (P?Hsp-70 mRNA expression level was not affected by age of the birds. The study concluded that organic trace mineral (oTM) supplementation resulted in low Hsp-70 mRNA expression, indicating reduced heat stress in broilers.     

关于以色列国的基巴拉和哈约尼姆两洞穴的微矿物的研究：对于考古纪录中灰烬沉积的认识

关于以色列国的基巴拉和哈约尼姆两洞穴的微矿物的研究：对于考古纪录中灰烬沉积的认识斯·韦纳斯·希格尔奥·巴·约瑟夫关键词火,灰烬,矿物,红外光谱学,成岩作用火的考古纪录对于认识早期人类的技术能力是十分有趣的。通过研究烧骨、炭屑、石器、以及高温对于烧过的...