帽儿山国家森林公园30年前后植物区系比较研究

该研究采用样方结合样线调查的方法,并综合文献资料,于1983年和2013年2次对帽儿山国家森林公园植物种类进行实地调查,并进行了区系特征的对比分析,为评估帽儿山国家森林公园植物保护状况提供依据。结果表明:(1)2013年研究区的植物科数量和组成与1983年相同,但2013年比1983年少20属60种,不同等级科组成差异较小,而不同等级属差异较大。(2)优势科组成差异较小,但2013年兰科(Orchidacea)由优势科变成了非优势科,而藜科(Chenopodiaceae)和松科(Pinaceae)由非优势科变成优势科;优势属组成差异较大,2013年比1983年少了8个优势属。(3)2次调查表征科组成变化较大,但表征属组成差异较小,2013年比1983年少了2个表征属。(4)1983年和2013年科、属、种的分布型均以温带性分布为主;科的分布型完全相同,属的分布型2013年比1983年少了地中海区-西亚至中亚分布型;种的分布型,2013年比1983年多了亚洲-北美-北极分布。研究认为,30年间帽儿山国家森林公园的植物区系构成基本稳定,说明对这一区域的植物保护总体有效,但属和种的数量明显减少,30年间物种多样性显著降低,尤其是某些重要的科,如兰科植物的减少,也说明植物保护现状依然不容乐观。     

河南登封方家沟遗址发掘简报

方家沟遗址位于河南省登封市方家沟村,2014~2015年北京大学考古文博学院和郑州市文物考古研究院对该遗址进行两次发掘,发现大量石制品和动物化石以及原地埋藏的遗迹现象。石制品类型包括备料、石核、石片、断块、碎屑、石锤、石砧、工具等,整体面貌属于华北常见的石片石器工业。古人类在自然沟内短期活动形成的遗迹(G1)蕴含了空间利用方式的信息,对于进一步研究嵩山东麓MIS3阶段人类活动与行为特点具有重要意义。     

安徽黄山风景区微毛樱桃萌枝种群动态研究

为探明安徽黄山风景区微毛樱桃〔Cerasus clarofolia(Schneid.)Yu et Li〕萌枝种群的生长规律和更新特点,在野外调查基础上,分别对该种群的萌枝类型、龄级结构〔由径级结构代替,根据胸径(DBH)和树高(H)划分径级〕、静态生命表、存活曲线和生存函数进行了分析.结果表明:该种群萌枝主要以根颈萌枝为主,根蘖萌枝较少,且多与根颈萌枝同时出现;幼龄萌枝数量较多、中龄萌枝数量较少、老龄萌枝数量更少,说明该种群的幼苗和幼树众多,而中龄和老龄植株却很少.该种群的萌枝数量变化动态指数在自然状态下为56.39%,而在考虑干扰时为5.64%.总体上看,Ⅰ级(DBH<3 cm,H<130 cm)至Ⅲ级(3 cm≤DBH<8 cm)萌枝的存活数和标准化存活数均较多,而Ⅷ级(28 cm≤DBH<33 cm)至Ⅹ级(DBH≥38 cm)萌枝的存活数和标准化存活数均较少;Ⅱ级(DBH<3 cm,H≥130 cm)萌枝的期望寿命最高(2.980),而Ⅹ级萌枝的期望寿命最低(0.500);各龄级萌枝的死亡率和损失度变化趋势基本一致,均有2个峰值,分别出现在Ⅰ级和Ⅸ级萌枝.该种群的存活曲线介于DeeveyⅡ型和DeeveyⅢ型之间,但更趋向DeeveyⅡ型.Ⅰ级萌枝的死亡密度函数和危险率函数均最大,Ⅱ级萌枝的死亡密度函数和危险率函数均为0.000,其余龄级萌枝的死亡密度函数和危险率函数则趋于平缓;随龄级增大,萌枝的积累死亡率函数持续上升,而生存率函数却持续下降.上述结果表明:黄山风景区微毛樱桃萌枝种群总体上处于动态的稳定状态;从种群发展角度考虑,建议对该种群进行适当的小尺度的人为干扰,以改善幼苗的生存环境,促进种群更新.     

Radial oxygen loss by the cushion plant Eriocaulon schimperi prevents methane emissions from an East‐African mountain mire

• Groundwater‐fed fens are known sources of methane (CH₄) emissions to the atmosphere, and these are known to be mediated by the vegetation. In a fen located in the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia, we assessed the effects of a cushion plant (Eriocaulon schimperi) and a sedge (Carex monostachya) on rhizosphere biogeochemistry.
• Methane and CO₂ concentrations and pH were measured in pore‐water at different depths in the profile. Redox potentials and NaCl‐extractable element concentrations were analysed in soil samples from sites dominated by either E. schimperii or C. monostachya. Nutrient and element concentration were analysed in plant tissues.
• At Carex‐dominated sites, CH₄ concentrations increased from 70 μmol·l^?1 at a depth of 10 cm to 130 μmol·l^?1 at a depth of 100 cm. CH₄ concentrations at Eriocaulon‐dominated sites were almost zero (<1 μmol·l^?1) to a depth of 100 cm. Simultaneously, soil redox potentials and CO₂ concentrations were higher at Eriocaulon‐dominated sites, indicating a low potential for CH₄ production and a high potential for CH₄ oxidation.
• Eriocaulon schimperi displayed a root investment strategy to cope with the harsh environment, similar to the cushion plant Astelia pumila in Patagonian bogs. This strategy is characterised by high root/shoot ratios, high root porosity and density under high redox conditions. Both cushion plant species create an aerobic rhizosphere through radial oxygen loss from deep roots, which strongly reduce CH₄ fluxes to the atmosphere.

     

Filamentous Hydrous Ferric Oxide Biosignatures in a Pipeline Carrying Acid Mine Drainage at Iron Mountain Mine,California

A pipeline carrying acidic mine effluent at Iron Mountain, CA, developed Fe(III)-rich precipitate caused by oxidation of Fe(II)_aq. The native microbial community in the pipe included filamentous microbes. The pipe scale consisted of microbial filaments, and schwertmannite (ferric oxyhydroxysulfate, FOHS) mineral spheres and filaments. FOHS filaments contained central lumina with diameters similar to those of microbial filaments. FOHS filament geometry, the geochemical environment, and the presence of filamentous microbes suggest that FOHS filaments are mineralized microbial filaments. This formation of textural biosignatures provides the basis for a conceptual model for the development and preservation of biosignatures in other environments.     

浙江天台山不同林型土壤环境的微生物区系和细菌生理群的多样性

研究了天台山8种土壤环境的微生物区系,细菌生理群分布、组成和多样性。结果表明：黄山松林、竹林和云锦杜鹃林土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌数量较多,而柳杉林土壤中较少。微生物数量与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷含量以及土壤凋落物的关系较大。每种土壤环境的细菌、真菌和放线菌占微生物总量的比例为：细菌数量最多,放线菌居中,真菌较少。土壤细菌生理群在天台山8种土壤环境中的分布有较大的差异。好气纤维素分解菌、好气固氮菌、氨化细菌、有机磷分解菌、无机磷分解菌在8种土壤环境中均占有较大的比例,是每种土壤环境的优势菌群,而反硝化细菌和反硫化细菌在每种土壤环境中占有的数量比例均相对较小,处于次要地位。七子花林、竹林、云锦杜鹃林和日本花柏林土壤细菌生理群的Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数均较小,柳杉林、茶园、金钱松林、黄山松林土壤细菌生理群的Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数相对较大。     

龙王山自然保护区的植物资源

在对浙江龙王山自然保护区森林植被调查的基础上,分析讨论了龙王山丰富的药用、观赏、竹类等植物资源,提出了植物资源保护与利用若干建议,探讨了龙王山森林生态系统所具有的科学价值。     

Individual size variation reduces spatial variation in abundance of tree community assemblage,not of tree populations

Research on individual trait variation has gained much attention because of its implication for ecosystem functions and community ecology. The effect of individual variation on population and community abundance (number of individuals) variation remains scarcely tested. Using two established ecological scaling laws (Taylor's law and abundance–size relationship), we derived a new scaling relationship between the individual size variation and spatial variation of abundance. Tested against multi‐plot tree data from Diaoluo Mountain tropical forest in Hainan, China, the new scaling relationship showed that individual size variation reduced the spatial variation of community assemblage abundance, but not of taxon‐specific population abundance. The different responses of community and population to individual variation were reflected by the validity of the abundance–size relationship. We tested and confirmed this scaling framework using two measures of individual tree size: aboveground biomass and diameter at breast height. Using delta method and height‐diameter allometry, we derived the analytic relation of scaling exponents estimated under different individual size measures. In addition, we used multiple regression models to analyze the effect of taxon richness on the relationship between individual size variation and spatial variation of population or community abundance, for taxon‐specific and taxon‐mixed data, respectively. This work offers empirical evidence and a scaling framework for the negative effect of individual trait variation on spatial variation of plant community. It has implications for forest ecosystem and management where the role of individual variation in regulating population or community spatial variation is important but understudied.     

Geographical differentiation of the Euchiloglanis fish complex (Teleostei: Siluriformes) in the Hengduan Mountain Region,China: Phylogeographic evidence of altered drainage patterns

The uplift of the Tibetan Plateau caused significant ecogeographical changes that had a major impact on the exchange and isolation of regional fauna and flora. Furthermore, Pleistocene glacial oscillations were linked to temporal large‐scale landmass and drainage system reconfigurations near the Hengduan Mountain Region and might have facilitated speciation and promoted biodiversity in southwestern China. However, strong biotic evidence supporting this role is lacking. Here, we use the Euchiloglanis fish species complex as a model to demonstrate the compound effects of the Tibetan Plateau uplift and Pleistocene glacial oscillations on species formation in this region. The genetic structure and geographical differentiation of the Euchiloglanis complex in four river systems within the Hengduan Mountain Region were deduced using the cytochrome b (cyt b) gene and 10 microsatellite loci from 360 to 192 individuals, respectively. The results indicated that the populations were divided into four independently evolving lineages, in which the populations from the Qingyi River and Jinsha River formed two sub‐lineages. Phylogenetic relationships were structured by geographical isolation, especially near drainage systems. Divergence time estimation analyses showed that the Euchiloglanis complex diverged from its sister clade Pareuchiloglanis sinensis at around 1.3 Million years ago (Ma). Within the Euchiloglanis complex, the divergence time between the Dadu–Yalong and Jinsha–Qingyi River populations occurred at 1.0 Ma. This divergence time was in concordance with recent geological events, including the Kun‐Huang Movement (1.2–0.6 Ma) and the lag time (<2.0 Ma) of river incision in the Hengduan Mountain Region. Population expansion signals were detected from mismatched distribution analyses, and the expansion times were concurrent with Pleistocene glacier fluctuations. Therefore, current phylogeographic patterns of the Euchiloglanis fish complex in the Hengduan Mountain Region were influenced by the uplift event of the Tibetan Plateau and were subsequently altered by paleo‐river transitions during the late Pleistocene glacial oscillations.