睾丸生殖细胞的凋亡及其调控

睾丸生殖细胞在分化过程中存在自发性和诱发性凋亡,这是清除过量或异常生殖细胞的一种重要途径。生殖细胞的凋亡涉及内分泌、细胞社会组成和基因等多因素的调控。深入了解生殖细胞凋亡的调控机制,明确决定睾丸生殖细胞（Ｇｅｒｍ ｃｅｌｌｓ,Ｇｃ）凋亡机制的分子组成,将为治疗男性不育和开发男性避孕药物奠定理论基础。     

Role of curvature and phase transition in lipid sorting and fission of membrane tubules

We have recently developed a minimal system for generating long tubular nanostructures that resemble tubes observed in vivo with biological membranes. Here, we studied membrane tube pulling in ternary mixtures of sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. Two salient results emerged: the lipid composition is significantly different in the tubes and in the vesicles; tube fission is observed when phase separation is generated in the tubes. This shows that lipid sorting may depend critically on both membrane curvature and phase separation. Phase separation also appears to be important for membrane fission in tubes pulled out of giant liposomes or purified Golgi membranes.     

The formation of helical tubular vesicles by binary monolayers containing a nickel-chelating lipid and phosphoinositides in the presence of basic polypeptides

Binary lipid monolayers consisting of equimolar proportions of a phosphoinositide and a nickel-chelating lipid formed helical tubular vesicular structures, which appeared to be induced and/or stabilized by myelin basic protein (MBP). Another basic polypeptide, poly-L-lysine, had a similar effect but not to as great a degree as MBP; the proteins thus appeared to act as polycations. Although, the nickel-chelating lipid is a synthetic product, other endogenous divalent cations such as Zn(2+), as well as phosphoinositides, are integral and dynamic components of the myelin sheath in vivo. There, comparable helical tubular structures might represent a means for sequestration of these lipids into domains of high local concentration, perhaps in regions where the membrane is greatly curved.     

MicroRNA In situ Hybridization for Formalin Fixed Kidney Tissues

In this article we describe a method for colorimetric detection of miRNA in the kidney through in situ hybridization with digoxigenin tagged microRNA probes. This protocol, originally developed by Kloosterman and colleagues for broad use with Exiqon miRNA probes¹, has been modified to overcome challenges inherent in miRNA analysis in kidney tissues. These include issues such as structure identification and hard to remove residual probe and antibody. Use of relatively thin, 5 mm thick, tissue sections allowed for clear visualization of kidney structures, while a strong probe signal was retained in cells. Additionally, probe concentration and incubation conditions were optimized to facilitate visualization of microRNA expression with low background and nonspecific signal. Here, the optimized protocol is described, covering the initial tissue collection and preparation through the mounting of slides at the end of the procedure. The basic components of this protocol can be altered for application to other tissues and cell culture models.     

Mechanisms of calcium sequestration by isolated Malpighian tubules of the house cricket Acheta domesticus

Hemolymph calcium homeostasis in insects is achieved by the Malpighian tubules, primarily by sequestering excess Ca²⁺ within internal calcium stores (Ca‐rich granules) most often located within type I (principal) tubule cells. Using both the scanning ion‐selective electrode technique and the Ramsay secretion assay this study provides the first measurements of basolateral and transepithelial Ca²⁺ fluxes across the Malpighian tubules of an Orthopteran insect, the house cricket Acheta domesticus. Ca²⁺ transport was specific to midtubule segments, where 97% of the Ca²⁺ entering the tubule is sequestered within intracellular calcium stores and the remaining 3% is secreted into the lumen. Antagonists of voltage‐gated (L‐type) calcium channels decreased Ca²⁺ influx ≥fivefold in adenosine 3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)‐stimulated tubules, suggesting basolateral Ca²⁺ influx is facilitated by voltage‐gated Ca²⁺ channels. Increasing fluid secretion through manipulation of intracellular levels of cAMP or Ca²⁺ had opposite effects on tubule Ca²⁺ transport. The adenylyl cyclase‐cAMP‐PKA pathway promotes Ca²⁺ sequestration whereas both 5‐hydroxytryptamine and thapsigargin inhibited sequestration. Our results suggest that the midtubules of Acheta domesticus are dynamic calcium stores, which maintain hemolymph calcium concentration by manipulating rates of Ca²⁺ sequestration through stimulatory (cAMP) and inhibitory (Ca²⁺) regulatory pathways.     

中国鲎成体血细胞的发生

应用透射电镜技术研究中国鲎成体血细胞发生。成体鲎血细胞于与生殖细胞发生相邻部位的结缔组织,其间以基膜为界。血细胞发生可分为原始血细胞、浆细胞和颗粒细胞３个阶段。在雄体,在雄体,血细胞在由基膜形成的网状结构中发育,并以此为界与生精小管相邻。早期原始血细胞核以常染色质为主,异染色质仅在晚原始血细胞核内边缘出现,胞质充满小不一的膜囊。浆细胞比原始血细胞大,细胞及核的形状多样,核异染色质呈粗网状分布,胞质     

Differential effects of selegiline on glucose synthesis in rabbit kidney-cortex tubules and hepatocytes. In vitro and in vivo studies

The action of selegiline, a selective and irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B, commonly applied in the therapy of Parkinson's disease, on glucose formation was investigated in isolated rabbit hepatocytes and kidney-cortex tubules, maintaining the whole body glucose homeostasis via gluconeogenic pathway activity. An intensive hepatic metabolism of selegiline resulted in formation of selegiline-N-oxide, desmethylselegiline, methamphetamine and amphetamine, whereas during slow degradation of the drug in freshly isolated renal tubules selegiline-N-oxide was mainly produced. At 100 μM concentration selegiline markedly diminished glucose synthesis in isolated renal tubules incubated with dihydroxyacetone or alanine + glycerol + octanoate (by about 60 and 30%, respectively), while at 5 μM concentration a similar degree of inhibition was achieved in renal tubules grown in primary culture under the same conditions (about 40 and 60%, respectively). Moreover, desmethylselegiline and selegiline-N-oxide considerably diminished glucose production in renal tubules whereas selegiline and its metabolites did not affect gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes. Contrary to control animals, following selegiline administration to alloxan-diabetic rabbits for 8 days (10 mg kg⁻¹ body wt. daily) the blood glucose and serum creatinine levels were significantly diminished, suggesting a decrease in renal gluconeogenesis and improvement of kidney functions.

Since in renal tubules selegiline induced a decline in the intracellular levels of gluconeogenic intermediates and ATP content accompanied by a decrease in oxygen consumption in both kidney-cortex and hepatic mitochondria it seems possible that its inhibitory action on renal gluconeogenesis might result from an impairment of mitochondrial function, while an intensive selegiline metabolism in hepatocytes causes decrease of its concentration and in consequence no inhibition of gluconeogenesis. In view of these observations it is likely that an increased risk of selegiline-induced hypoglycemia might be expected particularly in patients exhibiting an impairment of liver function and following transdermal administration of this drug, i.e. under conditions of increased serum selegiline concentrations.     

昆虫内向整流钾离子通道的结构与功能

内向整流钾离子通道(inwardly-rectifying potassium channels, Kir)在动物体内承担着重要的生理功能。有关昆虫Kir的研究虽然不多,但近5年来却取得许多重要进展,本文就昆虫Kir近年来的研究进展进行评述。目前对昆虫Kir的研究主要集中在双翅目与半翅目,对基因组的分析以及基因克隆研究表明,昆虫Kir基因数量较少,远低于哺乳动物。双翅目的冈比亚按蚊Anopheles gambiae与埃及伊蚊Aedes aegypti有5~6个Kir基因,黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster仅3个Kir基因,半翅目的褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens与热带臭虫Cimex lectularius也只有3个Kir基因,而大豆蚜Aphis glycines的Kir基因数则减少到2个,第3个Kir基因的丢失可能与其马氏管的退化有关。系统进化分析表明昆虫Kir具有3个亚家族,但与哺乳动物的7个Kir亚家族没有直系同源关系。尽管如此,昆虫Kir具有与哺乳动物Kir类似的基本结构特征:由4个亚基组成四聚体通道,每个亚基具有2个跨膜区(TM1与TM2),TM1与TM2之间具K^+选择过滤序列。昆虫的Kir基因主要在唾液腺与马氏管中高水平表达,Kir抑制剂可阻断唾液腺与马氏管的分泌活性,从而影响昆虫的取食与排泄活动并使昆虫致死,说明这2类组织器官的分泌活性与Kir有关,Kir介导的K^+跨膜转运驱动了这类组织中上皮细胞的分泌活动。更为重要的发现是氟啶虫酰胺对褐飞虱Kir具有很高的阻断活性,并影响其唾液分泌与排泄功能,证明了Kir就是该杀虫剂的分子靶标。最后本文还对昆虫Kir研究中存在的科学问题进行了分析,展望了开发靶向Kir的新型杀虫剂的研究前景。     

Intravital multi-photon microscopy reveals several levels of heterogeneity in endocytic uptake by mouse renal proximal tubules

Understanding renal function requires one to integrate the structural complexity of kidney nephrons and the dynamic nature of their cellular processes. Multi-photon fluorescence microscopy is a state-of-the-art imaging technique for in vivo analysis of kidney tubules structure and function in real time. This study presents visual evidence for several levels of heterogeneity of proximal tubular endocytic uptake in the superficial renal mouse cortex and illustrates the potential of multi-photon microscopy for providing a comprehensive and dynamic portrayal of renal function.     

Body extracts from the forest ant and honeybee: chromatographic comparison of factors affecting the ant Malpighian tubule

Abstract.  Crude trifluoroacetic acid extracts were prepared from different body parts of the forest ant, Formica polyctena Foerster, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, and the honeybee, Apis mellifera carnica Pollmann, Hymenoptera, Apidae. Extracts were prepurified by means of solid phase extraction over reversed-phase cartridges. The effects of the resulting fractions on fluid secretion rates were tested on single preparations of ant Malpighian tubules. Diuretic and antidiuretic factors were shown to be present. High-performance liquid chromatography allowed for the identification of a diuretic factor from the bee-head extract which had a similar elution profile to a previously purified diuretic peptide from ant-head extracts. An antidiuretic factor was also identified from the bee abdominal extract. Similar to an antidiuretic peptide, which was purified from ant abdominal extracts, this antidiuretic factor inhibited fluid secretion and depolarized the transepithelial potential of ant Malpighian tubules.