黑粒青稞HvtUF3GT基因的克隆与表达分析

该研究以黑粒青稞品种‘黑老鸦’籽粒为材料,克隆了青稞类黄酮3-O-葡萄糖基转移酶基因(HvtUF3GT),获得1 449 bp序列。HvtUF3GT基因包含一个1 434 bp开放阅读框,编码478个氨基酸,理论等电点为5.45,预测蛋白分子量为52 912.58 Da。蛋白质序列分析表明,HvtUF3GT为亲水性的不稳定酸性蛋白,且在C-末端具有一段典型的44个氨基酸PSPG box,在空间结构中含有β-α-β-α-βRossmann折叠结构,属于UDP糖基转移酶基因GT-B型超家族成员。进化树分析表明,HvtUF3GT与小麦族的大麦、乌拉尔图小麦、山羊草和二穗短柄草的糖基转移酶聚为一个分支,且与大麦的亲缘关系最近,与稻族的籼稻和短花稻的亲缘关系较远。半定量和定量PCR结果表明,在‘INB0N-7’蓝粒青稞和‘昆仑12号’白粒青稞的籽粒灌浆后期HvtUF3GT基因不表达,而在黑粒青稞和紫粒青稞中的表达强弱依次为‘黑老鸦’(黑粒)‘昆仑17号’(黑粒)‘达章紫’(紫粒)‘涅如姆扎’(紫粒)。研究推测,HvtUF3GT基因在青稞灌浆后期籽粒着色过程中发挥着重要作用。     

光周期对苦荞芽菜生长与品质的影响

苦荞(Fagopyrum tataricum)芽菜是一种新兴健康食品,该研究通过不同光周期(0、4、8、12、16和20 h·d~(-1))处理苦荞芽菜,测定其生物量、叶绿素和主要营养成分的含量以及黄酮合成相关基因的表达水平,以明确不同光周期对苦荞芽菜品质的影响机理。结果表明:(1)随着苦荞芽菜生长时间的增加,芽菜生物量总体呈上升趋势,16 h·d~(-1)光周期时芽菜生长状态最好,鲜重最大。(2)不同光周期对苦荞芽菜各营养成分含量的影响有所差异,可溶性糖含量在芽菜萌发第2天开始逐渐下降,10 d后含量仅为第2天的13.5%～14.5%;花青素含量在芽菜萌发第2天光周期为12 h·d~(-1)时最高(2.16 mg/g),不同光周期处理4～10 d后均显示出降低趋势;芦丁是苦荞芽菜中主要的黄酮类化合物,芦丁含量在不同光周期处理后有所变化且适当的光照有利于其合成和积累,并在处理第4天光周期为16 h·d~(-1)时含量最高(59.60 mg/g)。(3)qRT-PCR分析表明,不同光周期处理的苦荞芽菜中各黄酮合成相关基因的表达量在第2天最高,随生长周期其表达量均不同程度降低,但黄酮醇合成支路关键酶基因FtFLS1和花青素支路基因FtDFR2表达量上升、且显示出强烈的光诱导特征。研究发现,光周期对苦荞芽菜的生物量影响较大,黑暗有利于胚轴伸长,长光周期(16 h·d~(-1))有利于鲜重的增加;在苦荞萌发过程中,苦荞芽菜可溶性糖、花青素和芦丁含量整体呈减少趋势,可溶性糖和花青素含量均在光周期16 h·d~(-1)处理第2天时最高,芦丁含量在光周期为16 h·d~(-1)处理第4天时最高,建议苦荞芽菜在光周期为16 h·d~(-1)生长4 d时采食。     

两个八仙花品种花色苷的提取、鉴定和理化稳定性

为优化八仙花花色苷提取条件，探究具有不同花色可调性的八仙花花色苷组分和理化稳定性差异，初步解释八仙花花色可调性存在差异的原因，该文以花色不可调的‘蒂亚娜(Tijana)’和花色可调的‘拉维布兰(Ravi Brent)’八仙花(Hydrangea macrophylla)为材料，通过L₉(3³)正交试验确定超声波法提取花色苷的最优条件，利用UPLC-Q-TOF-MS法进行花色苷组分的鉴定，分析离体条件下温度、光照、金属离子和糖类对八仙花花色苷理化稳定性的影响。结果表明：(1)花色苷提取的最优条件是‘蒂亚娜’和‘拉维布兰’的乙醇浓度分别为70%和80%,料液比均为1∶20,提取时间均为20 min。(2)二者的主要花色苷组分均为飞燕草素-3-O-葡萄糖苷。(3)八仙花花色苷在温度≤70℃暗处保存效果更好。(4)花色不可调的‘蒂亚娜’八仙花花色苷对光照、糖类和大多金属离子更稳定；只有花色可调的‘拉维布兰’八仙花花色苷加入中低浓度(10～30 mmol·L^-1)Al³⁺后由粉色变为蓝色且稳定性提高，而‘蒂亚...     

The anti-photooxidation of anthocyanins-rich leaves of a purple rice cultivar

In the leaf of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar Yunnan purple rice, the anthocyanins with an obvious absorption peak at 530nm were distributed in the cells of upper and lower epidermis, bulliform tissue and bristle. The maximal photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate and chlorophyll content in flag leaves were 28% and 23%, respectively, more than the common green leaf rice cultivar Chijiaoruanzhan. Higher chlorophyll content is probably one of the physiological adaptations for enhancing light harvesting capacity of the antenna in photosystems in this cyanic leaves species. Upon the photooxidation of leaf segments mediated by methyl viologen in weak light for 3 days, the distinct bleaching of anthocyanins in purple rice was associated with the reduction of scavenging ability to DPPH · free radical ability and the increase in membrane leakage rate. But almost no changes in contents of flavonoids and total phenolics were observed. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters Fv/Fo, qP and ϕ_PSII decreased with the increase in NPQ and DES of xanthophylls cycle after photooxidation treatment. Green rice leaves showed more decrease in DPPH · scavenging rate and more increase in cell membrane leakage rate but showed a trace of anthocyanins during photooxidation. It is suggested that anthocyanin may be a beneficial and primary antioxidant in sun cyanic rice leaves against oxidative stress induced by environmental adversity. And photooxidation could induce different changing patterns of anthocyanins between the tested purple and green rice leaves.     

Cloning and molecular analysis of structural genes involved in flavonoid and stilbene biosynthesis in grape (Vitis vinifera L.)

Genes involved in flavonoid and stilbene biosynthesis were isolated from grape (Vitis vinifera L.). Clones coding for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydoxylase (F3H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) and UDP glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyl transferase (UFGT), were isolated by screening a cDNA library, obtained from mRNA from seedlings grown in light for 48 h using snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) and maize heterologous probes. A cDNA clone coding for stilbene synthase (StSy) was isolated by probing the library with a specific oligonucleotide. These clones were sequenced and when the putative products were compared to the published amino acid sequence for corresponding enzymes, the percentages of similarity ranged from 65% (UFGT) to 90% (CHS and PAL). The analysis of the genomic organization and expression of these genes in response to light shows that PAL and StSy genes belong to large multigene families, while the others are present in one to four copies per haploid genome. The steady-state level of mRNAs encoded by the flavonoid biosynthetic genes as determined in young seedlings is coordinately induced by light, except for PAL and StSy, which appear to be constitutively expressed.     

Effects of supplied cinnamic acids and biosynthetic intermediates on the anthocyanins accumulated by wild carrot suspension cultures

Anthocyanins isolated and characterized from the wild carrot suspension cultures used here were 3-O--D-glucopyranosyl-(16)-[-D-xylopyranosyl-(12)-]-D<-galactopyranosylcyanidin (1), 3-O-[-D- xylopyranosyl-(12)--D-galactopyranosyl]cyanidin (2), 3-O-(6-O-sinapoyl)--D-glucopyranosyl-(16)-[-D- xylopyranosyl-(12)-]-D-galactopyranos ylcyanidin (3), 3-O-(6-O-feruoyl)--D-glucopyranosyl-(16)-[- D-xylopyranosyl-(12)-]-D-galactopyranosylcyanidin (4), 3-O-(6-O-coumaroyl)--D-glucopyranosyl-(16)- [-D-xylopyranosyl-(12)-]-D-galactopyrano sylcyanidin (5), 3-O-[6-O-(3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamoyl)]-- D-glucopyranosyl-(16)-[-D-xylopyranosyl-(12)-]-D-galactopyranosylcyanidin (6), 3-O-[6-O-(3,4-dime- thoxycinnamoyl)]--D-glucopyranosyl-(16)-[-D-xylopyranosyl-(12)-]-D-galactopyranosylcyanidin (7), 3-O-[(6-O-sinapoyl)--D-glucopyranosyl-(16)--D-galactopyranosyl]cyanidin (8), and 3-O-(-D-galactopyranosyl)cyanidin (9). Except when cinnamic acids were provided in the culture medium, the major anthocyanin present in the two clones examined was 2. When the naturally occurring and some non-naturally occurring cinnamic acids were provided individually in the medium, 1 and 2 were minor components and the anthocyanin acylated with the supplied cinnamic acid, namely 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 was the major anthocyanin present in the tissue. When caffeic acid was provided the major anthocyanin in the tissue was 4, thereby suggesting that the caffeic acid was methylated before its use in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Other cinnamic acids supplied had limited effects on the anthocyanins accumulated and appeared not to result in the accumulation of new anthocyanins by the tissue. Thus the tissue can use some but not all analogues of sinapic acid to acylate anthocyanins. Additional anthocyanins were detected in extracts of the wild carrot tissue cultures using mass spectrometry (both MS/MS and HPLC/MS). The additional compounds detected have also been found in cultures of black carrot, an Afghan cultivar of Daucus carota ssp. sativa and the flowers of wild carrot giving no evidence for qualitative differences in the anthocyanins synthesized by subspecies, cell cultures from subspecies, or clones from cell cultures. There are major differences in the amounts of individual anthocyanins found in cultures from different subspecies and in different clones from cell cultures. Here anthocyanins without acyl groups were usually found in the tissues and their accumulation is discussed. On the basis of the structures of the isolated anthocyanins, a likely pathway from cyanidin to the accumulated anthocyanins is proposed and discussed.Abbreviations Sin sinapoyl - Fer feruoyl - 4-Coum. 4-coumaroyl - 3,4-MeO₂Cin 3,4-dimethoxyeinnamoyl - 3,4,5-MeO₃Cin 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamoyl - Cya cyanidin     

A stable reddish purple anthocyanin in the leaf ofGynura aurantiaca cv. ‘Purple Passion’

The anthocyanin (GAA) in the epidermis and hair of the leaf ofGynura aurantiaca cv. ‘Purple Passion’ was isolated and identified as cyanidin tetra-glucoside acylated by three molecules of caffeic acid and one molecule of malonic acid. GAA was also isolated from the lower epidermis of the leaf ofG. bicolor DC. GAA showed a very stable reddish purple color from weakly acid to neutral pH region, but the color of the deacylated compound disappeared rapidly in the same region. This indicated that the attached organic acids must play an essential role in the stabilization of the color. Comparison of the profiles of the visible absorption spectra of the intact epidermal peels and cells ofG. aurantiaca andG. bicolor with those of GAA dissolved in various pH solutions suggested that the pH of the epidermal vacuole containing GAA was nearly 4.3. GAA was indistinguishable from the anthocyanin (rubrocinerarin) which we had previously isolated from the purplish red flowers ofSenecio cruentus DC. by means of UV-Vis, NMR and Mass spectra. Deceased     

Anthocyanins of the Fouquieriaceae

Species of the Fouquieriaceae cluster into four groups on the basis of floral anthocyanin content. The four clusters agree with species groupings based on morphological characters. Floral anthocyanins support a close relationship between the Fouquieriaceae and the Solanales.     

Pigment dichotomy and DNA-RNA hybridization data for centrospermous families

The structural types, biogenesis and distribution of betalains and anthocyanins in centrospermous families are reviewed. The implications of the pigment and DNA-RNA hybridization data, along with other evidence, are discussed with respect to the view that the evolutionary line of centrospermous families contains eleven basic or core families of which nine produce betalains and two, theCaryophyllaceae andMolluginaceae, produce anthocyanins; it is suggested that the betalain and anthocyanin families developed from a common ancestor at a time prior to the widespread occurrence of floral pigments in angiosperms.Presented in the Symposium Evolution of Centrospermous Families, during the XIIth International Botanical Congress, Leningrad, July 8, 1975.