Chemiluminescence of anthocyanins in the presence of acetaldehyde and tert-butyl hydroperoxide

Light emission (chemiluminescence; CL) was observed in the reaction of anthocyanins with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH) in the presence of acetaldehyde. The intensity of the CL of the anthocyanins was in the order of nasunin > rubrobrassicin > delphinidin > malvin = cyanidin > malvidin, indicating that glucosylation at C-3 and C-5 of the anthocyanin skeleton enhances the CL of the parent compound. CL intensity was enhanced at alkaline pH. The results suggest that the antioxidant effect of anthocyanins on lipid peroxidation, which is observed in the linoleic acid-β-carotene-lipoxcygenase system, is at least partly due to their strong reactivity with hydroperoxides.     

Leucocyanidin reductase activity and accumulation of proanthocyanidins in developing legume tissues

Proanthocyanidin (PA) and anthocyanin accumulation and location in developing leaves, flowers, and seeds of the legumes Medicago sativa, Lotus japonicus, Lotus uliginosus, Hedysarum sulfurescens, and Robinia pseudacacia were investigated by quantitative measurements and by histological analysis after staining with 1% vanillin/HCl, butanol/HCl, or 50% HCl. M. sativa leaves and flowers, L. japonicus leaves, and R. pseudacacia flowers do not contain PAs, but seeds of all investigated species contain PAs. Anthocyanins are absent in the seed coats of all five species and in leaves of L. japonicus. PA content generally increases as a function of development in leaves, but declines in flowers. With the exception of H. sulfurescens, flower PAs are synthesized in the parenchyma cells of the standard petal, while anthocyanins are located in the neighboring epidermal cells. Leucocyanidin reductase (LCR) catalyzes the conversion of 2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin to (+)-catechin and is the first enzyme in the PA-specific pathway. LCR activity was only detected in PA-containing tissues and generally declined during tissue development.     

Influence of ultraviolet-B radiation on photosynthetic and biochemical characteristics of a mangrove Rhizophora apiculata

Changes in photosynthesis and biochemical constituents were studied in R. apiculata seedlings grown under solar and solar enhanced UV-B radiation, equivalent to 10, 20, 30, and 40 % stratospheric ozone depletion. The seedlings grown under 10 % UV-B radiation showed an increase of 45 % net photosynthetic rate (PN) and 47 % stomatal conductance, while seedlings grown under 40 % UV-B radiation exhibited a decrease of 59 % PN with simultaneous elevation of 73 % intercellular CO2 concentration. Effects of UV-B on contents of lipids, saccharides, amino acids, and proteins were significant only at high doses of UV-B radiation. The concentration of anthocyanin was reduced with increasing doses of UV-B. The reverse was true with phenols and flavonoids.     

Red coloration in young tropical leaves associated with reduced fungal pathogen damage

The adaptive significance of red coloration in tropical forest leaves remains unclear. In vivo assays show that there is a significant negative correlation between anthocyanin pigments in young leaves and fungal pathogen damage. This supports a previous hypothesis that anthocyanins may protect young leaves from fungal damage during the vulnerable period of leaf expansion.     

蓝莓花青素有效缓解种群拥挤对果蝇的胁迫

【目的】明确拥挤胁迫对果蝇生长发育的影响,并探讨蓝莓花青素(Blueberry anthocyanins,BAC)对黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster Meigen拥挤损伤的保护作用。【方法】研究不同培养密度,BAC浓度及两者协同处理对果蝇生长发育、胁迫应激和氧化应激的影响。【结果】通过观察生长在低、中、高密度下的果蝇发现,随着培养密度的升高,果蝇的蛹历期延长,体重和雌雄比显著下降,HSP70的表达水平显著上升及MDA显著下降。BAC处理显著增加果蝇蛹的数量,缩短蛹历期,降低果蝇HSP70的表达和MDA含量。在高密度组果蝇培养基中添加维生素C(Vitamin C,VC)和BAC后,拥挤胁迫仍为主要影响因素,除了VC显著缓解果蝇雌雄比失衡外,两种药物对果蝇体重和蛹历期的恢复均无显著效应。但VC和BAC处理显著降低果蝇HSP70的表达水平和MDA含量,VC处理显著提高CAT和SOD酶活性,而BAC对酶活性的影响小。雌蝇对拥挤胁迫更敏感,因此,高密度下VC和BAC对雌蝇的影响比雄蝇大。【结论】拥挤胁迫导致果蝇发育延缓,体重下降,雌雄比失衡,这与其激发果蝇的应激反应和氧化损伤相关,VC和BAC能够降低拥挤胁迫诱导的应激反应,减少氧化损伤。     

Structure and properties of the acylated anthocyanins from Vitis species

The acylated anthocyanins of Ives grapes have been isolated using column chromatography on polyamide and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Controlled hydrolysis with Dowex 50W-X8 ion exchange resin, KOH. peroxide oxidation and speciroscopic characterization revealed their tructure as the 3-(6-O-p-coumarylglucoside)-5-glucosides of cyanidin, peonidin, delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin and the 3-(6-O-p-coumary lglucoside)s of delphinidin, petunidin and malvidin. On cellulose TLCs in the five solvent systems used, no clear-cut separation of these pigments could be obtained without their preliminary separation on polyamide and polyvinylpyrrolidone columns.     

Anthocyanins of holly fruits

Anthocyanin distribution in the fruits of Ilex closely followed an accepted taxonomic classification. Within the evergreen subgenus Aquifolium, species belonging to section Lioprinus produced only cyanidin pigments while in section Aquifolium, pelargonidin was the major anthocyanin. Likewise, in the deciduous subgenus Prinos, species of section Prinoides contained cyanidin pigments and those of section Euprinus had pelargonidin compounds. Exceptions to this pattern and the bearing of pigment studies on breeding are discussed.     

Regulation of anthocyanin and lignin synthesis in Petunia hybrida cell suspensions

In Petunia hybrida cv. Violet 30 cell suspensions the phenylpropanoid pathway can be induced to produce lignin and anthocyanins. Orthovanadate addition leads to lignin accumulation, subculturing the cells using small inoculum sizes (<2 g fresh weight l^-1) gives rise to both anthocyanin and lignin production. Orthovanadate has a negative effect on cell growth. By replacing the medium, one day after orthovanadate addition, by medium without elicitor, we were able to restore growth without disturbing the lignin accumulation. The activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) increased immediately after orthovanadate addition; this increase stopped upon medium replacement without affecting the lignin production. Reduction of the NAA concentration from 2 mg l^-1 to 0.1 mg l^-1, subsequent to the elicitation by orthovanadate or dilution stress, gave rise to a further increase in the production of lignin and anthocyanins respectively. Decreasing the NAA concentration without a prior elicitation, didn't have any effect on either PAL activity or product formation.Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - BSA bovine serum albumine - FW fresh weight - NAA naphthaleneacetic acid - PAL phenylalanine ammonia-lyase - PPP phenyl propanoid pathway     

山樱花品种间花色差异的代谢组学研究

山樱花是世界著名的观花类植物，花色是其最重要的观赏特征。为探究影响山樱花品种间花色差异的代谢通路及关键代谢产物变化，该文利用LC-MS/MS技术对白色、绿色和粉色的山樱花品种进行花青素靶向代谢组学比较分析。结果表明：(1)共检测到42种花青素物质，主要包含矮牵牛素、飞燕草素、黄酮类化合物、锦葵色素、芍药花素、矢车菊素、天竺葵素和原花青素8种物质。(2)差异代谢花青素25种，包括11种下调、14种上调，其中有7种花青素在粉色花瓣中显著富集。(3)KEGG通路注释发现差异代谢物在花青素生物合成通路中显著富集，结合聚类结果发现矮牵牛素-3-O-葡萄糖苷是山樱花品种间花色差异产生的关键代谢物。该研究揭示了山樱花花色差异的代谢机理，为后续山樱花花色分子调控机制研究提供了一定的理论依据，也为新品种花色改良和选育提供了一定的科学参考。     

Acylated anthocyanins in a hybrid Vitis variety

The anthocyanin skin pigments of the hybrid grape variety Royalty have been reexamined using isolation and chromatographic techniques designed to avoid degradation of the more labile pigments. Acetic acid has been identified as an acylating acid in acylated anthocyanin-3,5-diglucosides. The position of acylation of the malvidin-3,5-digucoside p-coumarate has been shown to be on the C-6 OH of the 3-0 glucose moiety.