关于樟科润楠属和鳄梨属的分类界线问题

讨论了润楠属Machilus Nees与鳄梨属Persea Mill.的分类界线, 认为两属的主要区别如下: 在润楠属中, 花被裂片相等或近相等, 极少外轮明显短于内轮, 在果期为纸质, 极少为薄革质, 伸长, 强度反曲, 极少张开与不反曲, 几乎宿存, 极少脱落, 如果脱落时则内、外轮从基部完全脱落; 花柱早落; 分布亚洲热带及亚热带地区。而在鳄梨属中, 花被裂片极不相等, 外轮明显短于内轮, 很少近相等, 在果期为革质到木质, 很少为薄革质, 张开或直立, 几乎不反曲, 绝大部分宿存或内轮在距基部的1/3到1/2处脱落; 花柱有时宿存; 分布美洲。两属的界线清楚, 不宜合并。把产于越南北部的Persea balansae Airy Shaw和产于苏门答腊的P. sumatrana Kosterm.转移到Machilus中, 从而提出Machilus balansae (Airy Shaw) F. N. Wei &; S. C. Tang和M. sumatrana (Kosterm.) F. N. Wei &; S. C. Tang两个新组合。     

Contrasting phylogeographical patterns of two closely related species, Machilus thunbergii and Machilus kusanoi (Lauraceae), in Taiwan

Aim The purpose of this paper was to study the patterns of genetic variation, demographic history, haplotype relationships and potential location of diversity centres of two closely related species, Machilus thunbergii and Machilus kusanoi. Location The phylogeography of M. thunbergii and M. kusanoi was examined by sampling 110 and 106 individuals from 25 and 16 sampling sites, respectively, across their distributional range in Taiwan. Machilus thunbergii is distributed on the Asian mainland, South Korea, southern Japan, the Ryukyus, Taiwan and the Philippines, whereas M. kusanoi is endemic to Taiwan. These two species are closely related, and both are widely distributed in Taiwan but occupy different altitudinal zones and habitats. Methods The range‐wide variation of M. thunbergii and M. kusanoi in Taiwan was studied using chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variations. A haplotype network was constructed with the computer program tcs . Nested clade analysis was conducted with the computer program ceodis , and various parameters of genetic diversity were calculated and neutrality tested by the computer program Dna SP. Population differentiation was estimated using the programs arlequin and hapstep . The contribution of the populations to gene diversity and to allelic richness was calculated using the software contrib . The level of divergence for each population from the remaining populations was calculated as the mean value of pairwise F_ST for each population against the rest of the populations. Results Extremely low levels of genetic differentiation were found for both species. This result suggested that these two species probably survived in multiple relict refugia with different population sizes throughout the island during low‐temperature periods of the Pleistocene. In addition, nested clade analysis (NCA) of cpDNA haplotypes indicated that restricted gene flow with isolation‐by‐distance characterized the recolonization after the Pleistocene by Tashueshan and Shiouhluan populations of M. thunbergii in the north‐central area west of the Central Mountain Range (CMR). In contrast, NCA analysis indicated that a major diversity centre on the southern tip of the island (Kending population) and contiguous range expansion characterized the recolonization by M. kusanoi of northern areas along the east side of the CMR. The major diversity centres found for the two species examined were further supported by the results of the mean F_ST for individual populations in comparison with other populations, and of the contribution of the divergence component to the total diversity. Main conclusions This research supports the multiple relict refugia hypothesis for both species investigated. Populations of M. thunbergii at Shiouhluan and Tashueshan in the north‐central area west of the CMR represent a diversity centre currently expanding its size. A diversity centre at the southern‐edge population of M. kusanoi, and a contiguous range expansion from Kending, were found. These results indicate that the M. thunbergii populations at Tashueshan and Shiouhluan and the M. kusanoi population at Kending, and even Soukar, are evolutionarily significant units for conservation programmes.