CAG Repeats in Various Organisms Studied by Southern Blot Analysis

A 90-nucleotide (CAG)₃₀,single-stranded DNA was used to probe Southern blots inorder to indicate the quantity and distribution of longCAG repeats in selected genomes. Bovine and rat genomeswere found to contain a particularly high content of CAGrepeats, while the repeats were comparatively rare inthe human genome. A particularly strong signal in thebovine genome was due to a CAG repeat associatedwith the 1.709 satellite. A similar element wasfound in goat and musk, but not in the otherartiodactyls tested, suggesting that this particular CAGrepeat developed some 10-20 million years ago withina 3.8-kb unit presently belonging to thesatellite element and that this unit has latermultiplied in the genome. Single-copy repeats could bediscerned in yeast, but not in mammals. Thus the probedid not detect specific repeats in patients withCAG repeat diseases.     

Role of mycobacteria effectors in phagosome maturation blockage and new drug targets discovery

Tuberculosis remains a serious global health threat with nearly 10 million new cases and 1.7 million deaths every year. The emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) further complicates this problem. It is pressing to find new ways to combat Mtb. The success of Mtb is largely attributed to its ability to persist within macrophages by arresting phagosomal maturation. The bacterial proteins and lipids play important roles in this inhibition which involves several aspects of phagosomal maturation, including both fusion and fission events and recruitment of V-ATPases allowing acidification. Understanding the interaction between the pathogen and host macrophage is essential to eradicate or control tuberculosis. This review focuses on the mechanism of phagolysosome formation, the pivotal event for the fates of infection participants and abundance of novel drug targets.