Potential chemoprevention of N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis by polyphenolics from Acacia nilotica bark

Chemopreventive potential of Acacia nilotica bark extract (ANBE) against single intraperitoneal injection of N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA, 200 mg/kg) followed by weekly subcutaneous injections of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄, 3 ml/kg) for 6 weeks induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats was studied. At 45 day after administration of NDEA, 100 and 200 mg/kg of ANBE were administered orally once daily for 10 weeks. The levels of liver injury and liver cancer markers such as alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), total bilirubin level (TBL), α-feto protein (AFP) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were substantially increased following NDEA treatment. However, ANBE treatment reduced liver injury and restored liver cancer markers. ANBE also significantly prevented hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) formation and reduced glutathione (GSH) in NDEA-treated rats which was dose dependent. Additionally, ANBE also increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes viz., catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in the liver of NDEA-administered rats. Eventually, ANBE also significantly improved body weight and prevented increase of relative liver weight due to NDEA treatment. Histological observations of liver tissues too correlated with the biochemical observations. HPLC analysis of ANBE showed the presence of gallic, protocatechuic, caffeic and ellagic acids, and also quercetin in ANBE. The results strongly support that A. nilotica bark prevents lipid peroxidation (LPO) and promote the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense system during NDEA-induced hepatocarcinogenesis which might be due to activities like scavenging of oxy radicals by the phytomolecules in ANBE.     

不同性别及长期运动对大鼠肝脏羟自由基代谢与脂质过氧化作用的影响

目的：观察长期运动对大鼠肝脏自由基的影响,及不同性别间可能的差异。方法：SD大鼠随机分为雄性运动组（MEG）,雄性静息组（MSG）,雌性运动组（FEG）,雌性静息组（FSG）。运动组游泳每天2小时,每周游泳5d（休息2d）,持续3个月。期满后检测肝脏OH·及MDA水平,并分析性别差异。结果：抑制OH·能力FEG（18．78±2．77U／mg pro）显著高于FSG（1g．36±3．94U／mg pro）（P〈0．01）,MEG（16．56±3．44U／mg pro）显著高于MSG（12．85±2．00U／mg pro）（P〈0．05）;MDA含量FEG（0．499±0．095nmol／mg pro）显著低于FSG（0．625±0．073nmol／mg pro）（P〈0．01）,MEG与MSG之间无显著差异;肝脏OH·与MDA水平无显著相关。结论：长期运动可降低雌雄大鼠肝脏OH·含量,无性别差异;降低雌性但不影响雄性肝脏脂质过氧化水平,性别差异明显。     

连翘叶黄酮对力竭游泳恢复小鼠的抗疲劳作用研究

为探讨连翘叶黄酮(flavonoids from Forsythia suspense leaves,FFL)对力竭运动恢复小鼠的抗疲劳作用,对小鼠以FFL或同体积生理盐水灌胃30 d,进行一次性力竭游泳,恢复24 h后,测定小鼠肝脏、心肌和股四头肌的SOD活性和MDA含量,并观察这几个脏器的亚显微结构.结果表明,运动+FFL大剂量组这三种组织的SOD活性较运动对照组和安静对照组高(P＜0.05),而MDA水平则较运动对照组低(P＜0.05),与安静对照组无显著差异(P＞0.05).透射电镜的观察结果表明,运动+FFL大剂量组小鼠三种组织中的微损伤均较运动对照组轻.该结果说明,连翘叶黄酮可有效保护一次性力竭运动对小鼠的肝脏、心肌和股四头肌造成的微损伤.     

肝康Ⅳ号对脂肪肝大鼠肝组织脂质含量及形态学的影响

目的探讨肝康Ⅳ号（Gankang Ⅳ,GKⅣ）对脂肪肝（FL）组织胆固醇（TC）、甘油三脂（TG）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）及形态学的影响。方法64只SPF级Wistar大鼠,随机分为A组、B1组、B2组、B3组、C组、D组。A组、B1组、B2组、B3组、C组给予高脂饲料（84.4%标准饲料＋10%猪油＋0.5%胆固醇＋0.1%胆盐＋5%蛋黄粉）和白酒复合复制大鼠FL模型,B1组、B2组、B3组、C组分别给予肝康Ⅳ号低、中、高剂量和东宝肝泰灌胃干预,设空白对照D组。第6周末处死动物取肝脏制备10%的肝匀浆检测TC、TG、SOD、MDA。检测肝脏病理学。结果（1）TC、TG：B1组、B2组、B3组、C组与A组比较,TC、TG含量明显下降（P〈0.05～0.01）,B2组、B3组与C组比较差异有显著（P〈0.05）。（2）SOD、MDA：B1组、B2组、B3组、C组与A组比较,MDA含量明显下降（P〈0.05～0.01）,SOD水平明显升高（P〈0.05～0.01）;在SOD方面,B1组与C组比较差异有非常显著性（P〈0.01）,B2组与C组比较差异有显著（P〈0.05）;在MDA方面,B1组、B2组、B3组与C组比较差异有非常显著性（P〈0.01）。（3）肝脏病理学：A组为重度脂肪肝,C组、B1组为中度脂肪肝,B2组、B3组脂肪肝程度轻于C组、B1组。结论GKIV能有效降低肝脏组织脂质沉积,防止MDA的升高,SOD的下降;减轻FL程度,呈现量效关系。     

Salt stress effects on growth,pigments, proteins and lipid peroxidation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salicornia persica</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">S. europaea</Emphasis>

The effects of NaCl stress on growth, water status, contents of protein, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), various sugars and photosynthetic pigments were investigated in seedlings of Salicornia persica and S. europaea grown in vitro. Seeds were germinated under NaCl (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 mM) on Murashige and Skoog medium for 45 d. The shoot growth of both species increased under low NaCl concentration (100 mM) and then decreased with increasing NaCl concentrations. In contrast to S. persica, root length in S. europaea reduced steadily with an increase in salinity. Proline content in S. persica was higher than in S. europaea at most NaCl concentrations. Proline, reducing saccharide, oligosaccharide and soluble saccharide contents increased under salinity in both species. In contrast, contents of proteins and polysaccharides reduced in both species under salt stress. MDA content remained close to control at moderate NaCl concentrations (100 and 200 mM) and increased at higher salinities. MDA content in S. europaea was significantly higher than S. persica at higher salinities. Salt treatments decreased K⁺ and P contents in seedlings of both species. Significant reduction in contents of chlorophylls and carotenoids due to NaCl stress was also observed in seedlings of both species. Some differences appeared between S. persica and S. europaea concerning proteins profile. On the basis of the data obtained, S. persica is more salt-tolerant than S. europaea.     

Domain-Based and Family-Specific Sequence Identity Thresholds Increase the Levels of Reliable Protein Function Transfer

Divergence in function of homologous proteins is based on both sequence and structural changes. Overall enzyme function has been reported to diverge earlier (50% sequence identity) than overall structure (35%). We herein study the functional conservation of enzymes and non-enzyme sequences using the protein domain families in CATH-Gene3D. Despite the rapid increase in sequence data since the last comprehensive study by Tian and Skolnick, our findings suggest that generic thresholds of 40% and 60% aligned sequence identity are still sufficient to safely inherit third-level and full Enzyme Commission numbers, respectively. This increases to 50% and 70% on the domain level, unless the multi-domain architecture matches. Assignments from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and the Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences Functional Catalogue seem to be less conserved with sequence, probably due to a more pathway-centric view: 80% domain sequence identity is required for safe function transfer. Comparing domains (more pairwise relationships) and the use of family-specific thresholds (varying evolutionary speeds) yields the highest coverage rates when transferring functions to model proteomes. An average twofold increase in enzyme annotations is seen for 523 proteomes in Gene3D. As simple ‘rules of thumb’, sequence identity thresholds do not require a bioinformatics background. We will provide and update this information with future releases of CATH-Gene3D.     

双丹胶囊对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤保护作用研究

目的：观察双丹胶囊对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的脑梗死体积、自由基变化的影响,探讨双丹胶囊对脑缺血损伤的保护作用。方法：复制大鼠中动脉缺血再灌注模型,分别给药干预,在给药后观察行为学、脑梗死率、脑指数、脑含水量、SOD、MAD等指标。结果：双丹胶囊可改善动物的神经行为学评分,明显降低动物的脑梗死率、脑指数、脑含水量、提高脑组织SOD活性、降低MDA含量,并成剂量依赖。结论：双丹胶囊对脑缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用。     

低氧应激下甘肃鼢鼠与SD 大鼠心脏抗氧化酶和ATP 酶活性的比较

为探讨低氧应激下甘肃鼢鼠心脏对抗氧化损伤和电生理紊乱的可能机制,对甘肃鼢鼠和SD 大鼠在4. 5%氧浓度下分别进行2 h、4 h、6 h、8 h、10 h、16 h 低氧应激,比较常氧和各时程低氧下二者心脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和Ca^{2 +} - ATP 酶、Ca^{2 +} - Mg^{2 +} - ATP 酶、Na ⁺ - K ⁺ - ATP酶活性,以丙二醛(MDA)含量作为机体氧化损伤指标。结果显示,常氧组甘肃鼢鼠GR 活性比SD 大鼠高,SOD、CAT、Ca^{2 +}-ATP 酶、Ca^{2 +} - Mg^{2 +} - ATP 酶和Na ⁺ - K ⁺ - ATP 酶活性及MDA 含量与SD 大鼠相比均无显著性差
异;低氧组甘肃鼢鼠SOD、CAT、GR、Ca^{2 +} - ATP 酶、Ca^{2 +} - Mg^{2 +} - ATP 酶和Na ⁺ - K ⁺ - ATP 酶活性迅速升高,显著高于SD 大鼠,MDA 含量则显著低于SD 大鼠。说明甘肃鼢鼠心脏通过提高抗氧化酶活性清除低氧诱导产生的多余自由基,并通过提高ATP 酶活性保证心电活动正常、心率稳定,应对低氧应激。     

丙二醛对离体草鱼肠道黏膜细胞的损伤作用

以丙二醛为实验材料, 在草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idella肠道黏膜细胞培养液中加入不同浓度丙二醛, 研究丙二醛不同剂量、不同作用时间下对肠道黏膜细胞生长、细胞形态结构及相关酶活性的变化. 结果显示: 添加(1.23-9.89) mol/L丙二醛在3-9h时显著抑制了离体草鱼肠道黏膜细胞生长及存活率, 以6h时抑制程度较为明显, 导致贴壁细胞减少, 细胞集落面积减小, 其中添加4.94 mol/L丙二醛细胞胞浆内脂肪滴沉积, 空泡变性, 同时线粒体肿胀, 核固缩; 丙二醛对细胞分化成熟有抑制, 且增加细胞器膜的通透性, 导致胞浆酶漏出; 6h时丙二醛处理组培养液中GSH-PX、T-AOC活力显著降低(P0.05). 结果表明: 添加(1.23-9.89) mol/L丙二醛对草鱼肠道黏膜细胞产生了损伤, 表现为抑制细胞生长, 改变细胞形态、结构, 导致膜结构破坏, 且作用程度与添加浓度、作用时间呈正相关关系. 研究认为丙二醛对草鱼肠道黏膜细胞具有显著性的损伤作用.