基于SD的生态安全指标阈值的确定及应用——以上海崇明岛为例

结合区域复合生态系统的特点,建立由经济、人口、资源、环境和生态5个子系统71个参数构成的上海崇明岛区域生态安全的系统动力学模型,并以变量"净GDP"为参考依据,通过情景仿真进行生态安全趋势分析和方案比较,确定生态安全的指标阈值;通过系统模拟对阈值进行验证,认为阈值在反映系统动态发展趋势上,是一定发展模式下的生态安全的特征参照系。这一尝试克服了目前生态安全指标阈值的研究中以参照法为主的静态性缺憾。将确定的阈值应用于崇明岛生态安全的评价和因子分析中,发现由于崇明岛生态岛的定位和生态保障措施的实施,近几年生态安全综合得分呈现逐步提高的特点,但目前(2007年)得分为0.523,仍处于中等水平;并以阈值为标准的因子检验发现各主要安全因子差异较大,主要的制约因子主要体现为环境治污水平和能源利用等方面。     

Field Anesthesia and Health Assessment of Free-ranging <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cebus capucinus</Emphasis> in Panama

Health and disease are critical factors for understanding primate evolution and for developing effective conservation and management strategies. However, comprehensive health assessments of wild primate populations are rare, in part because of the difficulty and risk of chemically immobilizing subjects to obtain the necessary biological samples. We report here the results of a health assessment, as well as the methods and drug dosages used to capture white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. We captured and measured 24 capuchins as part of an ongoing radiotelemetry study, and collected biological samples from 9 of them for a comprehensive health survey. Telazol® was very effective for immobilizing and capturing capuchins, although the doses we used were higher than those recommended for captive capuchins. High Telazol doses immobilized individuals quickly, ensuring that we were able to find and recover the sedated monkeys. The capuchins were generally in good condition, and had few ecto-, hemo-, or intestinal parasites. However, all but 1 of the adults had substantial dental abnormalities. In addition, 1 juvenile had indeterminate genitalia that we believe to be the result of hypospadias. Seven of the capuchins tested positive for exposure to Herpesvirus tamarinus and all individuals tested positive for exposure to Cebus cytomegalovirus. Hematology, serum chemistry, and plasma mineral levels from the wild individuals were, for the most part, comparable to those recorded for captive Cebus capucinus, and contribute to establishing baseline health values for the species.     

New fossil anthropoids from the middle Miocene of East Africa and their bearing on the origin of the oreopithecidae

Recent paleontological collections at the middle Miocene locality of Maboko Island in Kenya, dated at 15-16 million years, have yielded numerous new specimens belonging to at least five species of fossil anthropoids. The most common species of ape at the site, a medium-sized primate with a very distinctive dental morphology, clearly represents a previously undescribed taxon. When compared with other Miocene anthropoids from East Africa, it has its closest affinities with the poorly known species Rangwapithecus vancouveringi from the early Miocene locality of Rusinga Island. The species from Maboko Island is described here as belonging to a new genus of fossil anthropoid, to which "Rangwapithecus" vancouveringi is also referred. The new genus has a highly distinctive suite of derived characters of its molars and premolars, which it shares with Oreopithecus bambolii from the late Miocene of Europe. These synapomorphies indicate a close phyletic relationship between the East African species and Oreopithecus and form the basis for the inclusion of these taxa in a single family, the Oreopithecidae Schwalbe, 1915. In many respects, however, the East African forms are more conservative than Oreopithecus, and in a general sense they can be regarded as an intermediate grade between Oreopithecus and the more generalized early Miocene catarrhines, the proconsuloids. There is, therefore, good fossil evidence to indicate that the origins of the Oreopithecidae can be traced back to the early Miocene of Africa.     

尖峰岭热带山地雨林主要种类能量背景值测定分析

 本文报道了海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林主要树种67种、灌木及大型木质藤本植物16种的各器官的热值。结果表明,热带森林主要种类的热值差异甚大,即使相同属内的一些种类,均具有明显的差异,这种差异与植物种的生物学特性有关,即在生活型的分类系统中,芽位越高的植物其热值越高,但在同一树种中,不同个体大小的植株,其差异不明显;不同植物种的根系热值也差异不大。一般情况下,树叶的热值较大,树干、树皮、树枝和根系次之。 已初步证明了部分热带植物含有较多的硅、锰、铁、钙等元素,它们在样品燃烧后形成了颗粒状的剩余物,这是一个值得更深入探讨的新问题。     

沿海岛屿与内陆藓类植物遗传多样性和分化的比较研究——以真藓(Bryum argenteum Hedw.)为例

基于11个内陆居群和32个岛屿居群的252份标本,采用ISSR分子标记技术对真藓（Bryum argenteum Hedw.）的遗传多样性进行了研究。结果显示：岛屿与内陆居群间的遗传多样性差异显著,岛屿居群间的分化程度（G_st=0.453）大于内陆居群（G_st=0.387）,岛屿居群的遗传分化与地理来源间存在极显著相关性（r=0.478,n=175,P<0.001）。地理隔离效应是导致岛屿居群间遗传分化的重要因素。岛内居群间的遗传分化水平较低,仅有29.4%~29.7%的遗传多样性存在于居群间。聚类分析表明,43个居群可划分为10大类群,真藓遗传关系受地理因素和生境异质性的影响,水域隔离影响了真藓繁殖体在岛屿间的传播。     

Effect of Hillslope Gradient on Vegetation Recovery on Abandoned Land of Shifting Cultivation in Hainan Island, South China

In the present study, we investigated the effect of hillslope gradient on vegetation recovery on abandoned land of shifting cultivation In Hainan Island, south China, by measuring community composition and structure of 25-year-old secondary forest fallows along a hillslope gradient （up-, middle-, and down-slope position）. A total of 49 733 free-standing woody plant stems higher than 10 cm and belonging to 170 species, 112 genera, and 57 families was found in the three l-hm2 investigation plots. Stem density was highest in the down-slope stand and lowest in the up-slope stand. Species richness and the Shannon-Wiener Index were both highest in the middle-slope stand, and lower In the down-slope and up-slope stands. The recovery forest fallows on different hiUslope positions were all dominated by a few species. The five most abundant species accounted for 70.1%, 58.8%, and 72.9% of total stem densities in stands in the up-, middle-, and down-slope positions, respectively. The five species with the greatest basal areas accounted for 74.5%, 84.3%, and 74.7% of total stem basal area for the up-, middle-, and down-slope positions, respectively. The number of low-density species （stem abundance less than five） Increased from the up-slope position downward. Of the nine local common species among three different functional groups, the short-lived pioneer species dominated the up-slope position, but long-lived pioneer species dominated the middle- and down-slope positions. The climax species of primary tropical lowland rain forest was found in the downslope position. Both the mean diameter at breast height （DBH） and mean height of the trees Increased with decreasing hillslope gradient. The stem density and basal area in different size classes were significantly different in stands In different slope positions. Our results indicated that the rate of secondary succession varies, even over small spatial scales caused by the hlllslope gradient, in early vegetation recovery.     

河口盐沼植物对大型底栖动物群落的影响

通过对长江口崇明东滩盐沼海三棱燕草带大型底栖无脊椎动物进行取样调查,研究了不同盐沼底栖动物群落结构及其多样性特征,分析了盐沼植物群落特征与底栖动物群落的关系。研究发现。（1）沿着河口盐沼海拔梯度,从低位盐沼到高位盐沼,底栖动物群落结构及多样性具有明显的梯度变化;（2）盐沼植被与底栖动物群落有密切的关系,尤其是植株高度,地下部分生物量与底栖动物密度,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数,物种丰度的相关性最显著。（3）盐沼植被影响底栖动物群落,是由于植物的地下部分和地下部分结构导致盐沼生境结构复杂,增加了沉积物表层环境的结构异质性,使生境多样化,给底栖动物提供大量生活空间,（4）不同盐沼带海三陵蔗草群落的差异,提供了盐沼表层地貌的变化,这种变化及植物结构的复杂化,在这一些动物提供拓殖地的同时,也为底栖动物躲避捕食者提供了避护所;（5）盐沼植被可以改变口潮滩生境中的沉积环境,并通过消浪、缓流及调节有机质的输入动态和沉积作用而影响底栖动物群落的组成和结构。     

獐子岛及邻近海域秋季浮游植物的粒级结构及其影响因素

于2015年10月对獐子岛及邻近海域进行了航次调查,研究了獐子岛及邻近海域浮游植物粒级结构的空间分布特征及其环境影响因素。结果表明,秋季表层总叶绿素a、小型(20μm)、微型(2—20μm)和微微型(0.45—2μm)浮游植物叶绿素a浓度的范围分别为0.52—1.25、0.03—0.81、0.33—0.91、0—0.09μg/L,平均叶绿素a的浓度分别为0.76、0.19、0.53、0.03μg/L,对叶绿素a总量的贡献率分别为23.77%、72.26%和3.98%;底层总叶绿素a、小型(20μm)和微型(2—20μm)浮游植物叶绿素a浓度的范围分别为0.14—1.5、0.04—1.04、0.08—0.47μg/L,平均叶绿素a的浓度分别为0.46、0.22、0.24μg/L,对叶绿素a总量的贡献率分别为41.46%、58.50%。从垂直分布上来看,总叶绿素a浓度垂直变化为,表层底层;小型浮游植物垂直分布较为均匀;微型浮游植物垂直变化为,表层底层;微微型浮游植物垂直变化为,表层底层,且在表、底层均保持较低水平。秋季表层微型浮游植物(2—20μm)浓度与盐度呈正相关。底层总叶绿素a浓度与磷酸盐浓度呈正相关,小型浮游植物(20μm)浓度与磷酸盐和硅酸盐浓度均表现为正相关,微型浮游植物(2—20μm)浓度与温度呈正相关。统计分析结果表明,温度、盐度、磷酸盐及硅酸盐浓度是影响獐子岛及邻近海域秋季浮游植物粒级结构变动的重要因素。     

Trophic functional groups and trophic levels of the macrobenthic community at the eastern tidal flat of Lingkun Island, China

A total of 33 taxa, including 21 families, 8 classes and 7 phyla, were found at the eastern tidal flat of Lingkun Island, Wenzhou Bay. Most of them were mollusks, crustaceans and polychaetes. The species numbers found at 3 tidal flats (high, middle and low) were 25, 30 and 14, respectively. It was shown that the high tidal flat had the highest value of diversity indices, followed by middle and low tidal flats. The species belonged to 5 different trophic functional groups: Phytophagous, Camivorous, Omnivorous, Planktophagous and Detritivorous in qualitative samplings. Then 3, 8, 5, 3 and 2 species belonged to Planktophagous, Phytophagous, Camivorous, Omnivorous and Detritivorous groups, respectively, in quantitative samplings. The density and species number of each functional group did not display seasonal variation by the two-way ANOVA method. Regardless of seasonal variation, density of the Phytophagous group and Camivorous group had distinct difference among different zones of tidal flats, and the species number of the Phytophagous group and Omnivorous group had obvious difference among different zones of tidal flats. Results show that there was variation of functional groups among habitats. Change in components of the macrobenthic community reflected different food sources in different zones of tidal flats.