荔枝果皮抗氧化作用研究

成熟和未成熟荔枝(生理落果)皮提取物均有很强的抗氧化活性,抗氧化性随添加量的增加而增强,0．04％提取物的抗氧化效果优于0．02％BHT;磷酸具有抗氧化增效作用;初步推断抗氧化成分中有酚酸、黄酮类物质。     

蕨类植物抗菌作用的初步研究

本文利用圆纸片法对十二种蕨类植物抗菌作用进行了研究,发现海金沙、凤尾蕨、抱石莲、兖州卷柏、乌韭、紫萁、翠云草等有较强的抗菌作用,在供试植物中,以海金沙抗菌活性最强.海金沙水提液和醇提液对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑制浓度(MIC)分别为10.、7.5%将海金沙、凤尾蕨、抱石莲三种植物等量组成复方,对该复方的水提液及醇提液与常用的化工合成防腐剂苯甲酸钠、山梨酸钾的防腐性能进行了比较.     

Antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of proanthocyanidin and ginkgo biloba extract against doxorubicin‐induced cardiac injury in rats

Grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPE) and ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) are considered to have protective effects against several diseases. The cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin (DOX) has been reported to be associated with oxidative damage. This study was conducted to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of GSPE and EGb761 against DOX‐induced heart injury in rats. DOX was administered as a single i.p. dose (20 mg kg^–1) to adult male rats. DOX‐intoxicated rats were orally administered GSPE (200 mg kg^–1 day^–1) or EGb761 (100 mg kg^–1 day^–1) for 15 consecutive days, starting 10 days prior DOX injection. DOX‐induced cardiotoxicity was evidenced by a significant increase in serum aspartate transaminase (AST), creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme (CK‐MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) activities and levels. Increased oxidative damage was expressed by the depletion of cardiac reduced glutathione (GSH), elevation of cardiac total antioxidant (TAO) level and accumulation of the lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde (MDA). Significant rises in cardiac tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and caspase‐3 levels were noticed in DOX‐intoxicated rats. These changes were ameliorated in the GSPE and EGb761‐treated groups. Histopathological analysis confirmed the cardioprotective effects of GSPE and EGb761. In conclusion, GSPE and EGb761 mediate their protective effect against DOX‐induced cardiac injury through antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory and antiapoptotic mechanisms. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bioactive Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Capacity of Wheatgrass Treated with Salicylic Acid under Organic Soil Cultivation

This study was undertaken to determine the influence of salicylic acid (SA) on the bioactive phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of wheatgrass extract in the organic growing medium. Wheatgrass was cultivated in SA-enriched organic growing medium, obtained from acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) of various concentrations (0 [control], 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00 mM) in a plant growth chamber by controlling atmosphere (20/15 °C, day/night), light (14/10 h, light/dark; light intensity 150 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, using quantum dot light-emitting diodes), and atmospheric moisture (60 %) for 10 d. The 0.25 mM SA-treatment showed the highest impact on germination rate, wheatgrass length, weight, yield, and chlorophyll content. Levels of bioactive phytochemicals, mainly phenolic compounds, flavonoids, β-carotene, and vitamin C, were the highest in the 1.00 mM SA-treated wheatgrass extract. The DPPH radical and nitrite-scavenging capacities were the highest in the 1.00 mM SA-treated wheatgrass extract. The 0.50 mM SA-treated wheatgrass extract showed the highest superoxide dismutase-like capacity, whereas the 2.00 mM SA-treated wheatgrass extract showed the highest anthocyanin content and ABTS radical-scavenging capacity. Therefore, it might be suggested that the appropriate levels of SA-treatment were between 0.5 and 1.0 mM to enhance the bioactive phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of wheatgrass.     

Butanol Extract of Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms Alleviates Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

This study investigated the effect of butanol extract of AS (ASBUE) on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE^−/−) mice. The mice were administered ASBUE (390 or 130 mg/kg/day) or rosuvastatin (RSV) via oral gavage for eight weeks. In ApoE^−/− mice, ASBUE suppressed the abnormal body weight gain and improved serum and liver biochemical indicators. ASBUE remarkably reduced the aortic plaque area, improved liver pathological conditions, and lipid metabolism abnormalities, and altered the intestinal microbiota structure in ApoE^−/− mice. In the vascular tissue of ASBUE-treated mice, P-IKKβ, P-NFκB, and P-IκBα levels tended to decrease, while IκB-α increased in high fat-diet-fed atherosclerotic mice. These findings demonstrated the anti-atherosclerotic potential of ASBUE, which is mediated by the interaction between the gut microbiota and lipid metabolism and regulated via the Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. This work paves the groundwork for subsequent studies to develop innovative drugs to treat atherosclerosis.     

Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Important Roles of the Acetylation of ER-Resident Molecular Chaperones for Conidiation in Fusarium oxysporum

Fusarium oxysporum is one of the most abundant and diverse fungal species found in soils and includes nonpathogenic, endophytic, and pathogenic strains affecting a broad range of plant and animal hosts. Conidiation is the major mode of reproduction in many filamentous fungi, but the regulation of this process is largely unknown. Lysine acetylation (Kac) is an evolutionarily conserved and widespread posttranslational modification implicated in regulation of multiple metabolic processes. A total of 62 upregulated and 49 downregulated Kac proteins were identified in sporulating mycelia versus nonsporulating mycelia of F. oxysporum. Diverse cellular proteins, including glycolytic enzymes, ribosomal proteins, and endoplasmic reticulum–resident molecular chaperones, were differentially acetylated in the sporulation process. Altered Kac levels of three endoplasmic reticulum–resident molecular chaperones, PDI^K70, HSP70^K604, and HSP40^K32 were identified that with important roles in F. oxysporum conidiation. Specifically, K70 acetylation (K70ac) was found to be crucial for maintaining stability and activity of protein disulphide isomerase and the K604ac of HSP70 and K32ac of HSP40 suppressed the detoxification ability of these heat shock proteins, resulting in higher levels of protein aggregation. During conidial formation, an increased level of PDI^K70ac and decreased levels of HSP70^K604ac and HSP40^K32ac contributed to the proper processing of unfolded proteins and eliminated protein aggregation, which is beneficial for dramatic cell biological remodeling during conidiation in F. oxysporum.     

An automatic system for the assessment of complex medium additives under cultivation conditions

Complex medium additives such as yeast extract or peptone are often used in industrial cell culture processes to prolong cell growth and/or to improve product formation. The quality of those supplements is dependent on the preparation method and can differ from lot to lot. To guarantee consistent production these different lots have to be tested prior to use in fermentation processes. Because a detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis of all components of such a complex mixture is a very difficult task, another assessment method has to be chosen. The best way to evaluate the effect of such supplements is to monitor cell activity during real cultivation conditions with and without the added supplement lot. A bioreactor-based test system has been developed to determine the oxygen requirement of the cells as a response to the addition of a supplement to be tested under standardized conditions. Investigations were performed with a mouse-mouse hybridoma cell line and yeast extracts as an example for complex medium additives. The results showed differences in the impact between different extract lots and between different concentrations of an extract.     

Evaluation of Superoxide Scavenging Activities of Hamamelis Extract and Hamamelitannin

Hamamelitannin, which is a component of bark extract of hamamelis (Hamamelis virginior L.), was found to be a potent scavenger of superoxide anion radicals. Superoxide anion scavenging activity of the compound was evaluated by ESR-spin trap method using DMPO (5,5'-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide) as a spin trapping agent. The IC₅₀ value (the concentration producing 50% inhibition of superoxide anion radicals) of hamamelitannin was found to be 1.38 ± 0.06 μM much lower than that of ascorbic acid (23.31 ± 2.23 μM). Supporting the superoxide scavenging activity of hamamelitannin, the compound showed both suppresive ability against depolymelization of hyaluronic acid and protective ability against cytotoxicity induced by superoxide anion radicals. Hamamelitannin increased the survival rate of fibroblast to 85.5 ± 3.3%, compared with that of control (27.2 ± 4.3%).     

高效抗氧化大型真菌的筛选

为获得高效抗氧化菌株,采用直接提取方式从20个大型真菌菌株菌丝体培养液中提取抗氧化活性物质,采用邻苯三酚自氧化法、水杨酸法、DPPH法测定各菌株菌丝体培养粗提液对超氧阴离子自由基(O2)、羟基自由基.(OH)及1,1-二苯代苦味酰基自由基(DPPH-)的清除作用。结果表明:各菌株菌丝体培养粗提液对(O2)、.OH及DPPH-均有一定的清除作用,其中菌株NG菌丝体培养粗提液对OH-的清除效果最好,清除率为75.56%;菌株02菌丝体培养粗提液对(O2-)的清除效果最好,清除率为37.51%;菌株EG菌丝体培养粗提液对DPPH-清除效果最好,清除率为66.91%。     

Oviposition deterrent, ovicidal and gravid mortality effects of ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata Nees against the malarial vector Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae)

Oviposition is an important phenomenon of mosquitoes and has recently become the focus in the concept of integrated vector control management. In the present study, we evaluated oviposition deterrent, ovicidal and mortality effects of ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata Nees against gravid and oviposited females of Anopheles stephensi Liston. Water treated with the ethanolic extract had a high deterrent activity in ovipositing females: oviposition activity index values for the test species were –0.28, –0.45, –0.49 and –0.59 for extract concentrations of 29, 35, 41 and 46 p.p.m., respectively. High degrees of mortality were observed with various concentrations of extract: 1.12 (control) to 11.70 for gravid females, and 0.65 (control) to 10.25 for oviposited females. The highest mortality in both gravid and oviposited females was observed soon after they came in contact with oviposition medium treated with the extract, and this was found to be significant at doses higher than 35 p.p.m., suggesting possible contact toxicity of the extract. The extract caused moderate ovicidal activity against various age groups of A. stephensi, but it inflicted delayed effects such as high larval, pupal and adult mortality. The age of the eggs and the duration of the extract treatment influenced the ovicidal activity observed. It is clear that ethanolic extract of A. paniculata Nees can affect the oviposition cycle of A. stephensi Liston, thereby suppressing the vector population and adversely influencing transmission of the disease pathogen.