肺上皮细胞自噬体在结核分枝杆菌感染中保护作用的分子机制

目的:构建Atg5-真核表达载体并瞬时转染肺上皮细胞细胞株,探讨自噬在结核分枝杆菌感染上皮细胞中保护作用的分子机制。方法:设计针对Atg5的RNAi序列,化学合成后经过变性,退火连接到pSilencerTM3.1-H1hygro真核表达载体,经测序验证其正确性。脂质体法瞬时转染真核细胞A549,免疫印迹法检测瞬时转染的效果。用结核分枝杆菌分别感染正常和自噬表达低下的A549细胞,通过检测LDH来观察细胞的坏死情况。结果:成功的构建了pSilencerTM 3.1-H1 hygro真核表达载体并建瞬时转染了A549细胞株,成功抑制了细胞的自噬功能。Atg5-细胞对结核杆菌的抵抗能力下降。结论:在自噬表达低下的细胞中,细胞对结核分枝杆菌的抵抗能力有明显下降。在结核分枝杆菌感染上皮细胞的过程中,自噬是一种保护机制。     

神经内科住院患者肺部感染的相关危险因素分析及护理对策

目的:确定影响神经内科患者肺部感染的危险因素,为预防和控制住院患者肺部感染提供依据。方法:本研究采用回顾性调查方法,对我院神经内科2010年3月至2011年3月住院患者发生肺部感染的案例进行回顾性调查分析。结果:研究发现,调查的2091名患者中,肺部感染例数为41例,发生率为1.96%。内源性因素包括:年龄,意识障碍,瘫痪,卧床,严重的基础疾病;外源性因素包括:住院日,侵入性检查、人工气道与人工机械通气,不合理使用抗生素以及误吸。结论:外源性的感染,通过科学有效的护理措施,在临床上及早进行预防性的护理干预,采取有针对性的护理措施,预防患者肺部感染的发生,降低患者的发病率和死亡率。     

转化生长因子β1质粒对新鲜同种异体骨移植的免疫影响

目的:研究局部含注射转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)基因的质粒对大鼠同种异体骨移植的免疫排斥反应的影响。方法:将64只Wister大鼠完全随机分成4组,每组16只,切取SD大鼠的胫骨移植到Wister大鼠人工建模后形成的胫骨缺损区。TGF-β1组于移植骨局部一次性注射含有TGF-β1基因的质粒(40μg/只);空质粒组于移植局部注射空质粒;免疫抑制剂组术前3天开始腹腔内注射环孢素A(10mg/kg)直至处死;异体移植组仅行异体骨移植,不予特殊处理。术后3、6、12周行光镜和电镜检查。结果:异体移植组和空质粒组骨基质排列紊乱,骨细胞消失,基质区内见块状低电子密度区。TGF-β1组和免疫抑制剂组可见骨细胞和完整的成骨细胞,骨小管状态良好。混合淋巴细胞培养(MLC)结果显示TGF-β1组(0.331±0.017)与免疫抑制剂组(0.501±0.004)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),TGF-β1组与空质粒组(1.104±0.023)和异体移植组(1.206±0.019)差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)、结论:新鲜骨移植过程中局部注射TGF-β1质粒可发挥免疫抑制作用,降低宿主的免疫排斥反应。     

Ischemic preconditioning induces autophagy and limits necrosis in human recipients of fatty liver grafts, decreasing the incidence of rejection episodes

Whether ischemic preconditioning (IP) reduces ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in human normal and fatty livers remains controversial. We compared two independent groups of liver donor transplants with versus without steatosis to evaluate IP consequences. Liver donors with (n=22) or without (n=28) steatosis either did or did not undergo IP before graft retrieval. Clinical data from the recipients, as well as histological and immunohistological characteristics of post-reperfusion biopsies were analyzed. Incidence of post-reperfusion necrosis was increased (10/10 versus 9/14, respectively; P<0.05) and the clinical outcome of recipients was worse for non-IP steatotic liver grafts compared with non-IP non-steatotic grafts. IP significantly lowered the transaminase values only in patients receiving a non-steatotic liver. An increased expression of beclin-1 and LC3, two pro-autophagic proteins, tended to decrease the incidence of necrosis (P=0.067) in IP steatotic livers compared with non-IP steatotic group. IP decreased the incidence of acute and chronic rejection episodes in steatotic livers (2/12 versus 6/10; P=0.07 and 2/12 versus 7/10; P<0.05, respectively), but not in non-steatotic livers. Thus, IP may induce autophagy in human steatotic liver grafts and reduce rejection in their recipients.     

人脐带间充质干细胞在急性肾小管坏死模型犬的体内分布及趋化性

目的 观察人脐带间充质干细胞在家犬急性肾小管坏死模型的体内分布及归巢.方法 健康家犬18 只随机分为3 组.模型1 组:肌注新鲜配制的0.2﹪二氯化汞溶液7 ml/kg建立急性肾小管坏死模型,采用经外周静脉注射法输注体外分离培养并用4',6- 二脒基-2- 苯基吲哚(DAPI)标记的人脐带间充质干细胞.模型2 组:造模...     

Use of the Cultex® Radial Flow System as an in vitro exposure method to assess acute pulmonary toxicity of fine dusts and nanoparticles with special focus on the intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility

Exposure of the respiratory tract to airborne particles (including metal-dusts and nano-particles) is considered as a serious health hazard. For a wide range of substances basic knowledge about the toxic properties and the underlying pathomechanisms is lacking or even completely missing. Legislation demands the toxicological characterization of all chemicals placed on the market until 2018 (REACH). As toxicological in vivo data are rare with regard to acute lung toxicity or exhibit distinct limitations (e.g. inter-species differences) and legislation claims the reduction of animal experiments in general (“3R” principle), profound in vitro models have to be established and characterized to meet these requirements. In this paper we characterize a recently introduced advanced in vitro exposure system (Cultex® RFS) showing a great similarity to the physiological in vivo exposure situation for the assessment of acute pulmonary toxicity of airborne materials.     

Cell migration or cytokinesis and proliferation? – Revisiting the “go or grow” hypothesis in cancer cells in vitro

The mortality of patients with solid tumors is mostly due to metastasis that relies on the interplay between migration and proliferation. The “go or grow” hypothesis postulates that migration and proliferation spatiotemporally excludes each other.We evaluated this hypothesis on 35 cell lines (12 mesothelioma, 13 melanoma and 10 lung cancer) on both the individual cell and population levels. Following three-day-long videomicroscopy, migration, proliferation and cytokinesis-length were quantified. We found a significantly higher migration in mesothelioma cells compared to melanoma and lung cancer while tumor types did not differ in mean proliferation or duration of cytokinesis. Strikingly, we found in melanoma and lung cancer a significant positive correlation between mean proliferation and migration. Furthermore, non-dividing melanoma and lung cancer cells displayed slower migration. In contrast, in mesothelioma there were no such correlations. Interestingly, negative correlation was found between cytokinesis-length and migration in melanoma. FAK activation was higher in melanoma cells with high motility.We demonstrate that the cancer cells studied do not defer proliferation for migration. Of note, tumor cells from various organ systems may differently regulate migration and proliferation. Furthermore, our data is in line with the observation of pathologists that highly proliferative tumors are often highly invasive.     

MicroRNA-33a Mediates the Regulation of High Mobility Group AT-Hook 2 Gene (HMGA2) by Thyroid Transcription Factor 1 (TTF-1/NKX2–1)

In lung cancers, TTF-1 displays seemingly paradoxical activities. Although TTF-1 is amplified in primary human lung cancers, it inhibits primary lung tumors from metastasizing in a mouse model system. It was reported that the oncogenic proepithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) high mobility group AT-hook 2 gene (HMGA2) mediates the antimetastatic function of TTF-1. To gain mechanistic insight into the metastasis-critical signaling axis of TTF-1 to HMGA2, we used both reverse and forward strategies and discovered that microRNA-33a (miR-33a) is under direct positive regulation of TTF-1. By chromatin immunoprecipitation, we determined that TTF-1 binds to the promoter of SREBF2, the host gene of miR-33a. The 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of HMGA2 contains three predicted binding sites of miR-33a. We showed that the first two highly conserved sites are conducive to HMGA2 repression by miR-33a, establishing HMGA2 as a genuine target of miR-33a. Functional studies revealed that enforced expression of miR-33a inhibits the motility of lung cancer cells, and this inhibition can be rescued by overexpression of the form of HMGA2 without the 3′-UTR, suggesting that TTF-1 keeps the prometastasis gene HMGA2 in check via up-regulating miR-33a. This study reports the first miRNAs directly regulated by TTF-1 and clarifies how TTF-1 controls HMGA2 expression. Moreover, the documented importance of SREBF2 and miR-33a in regulating cholesterol metabolism suggests that TTF-1 may be a modulator of cholesterol homeostasis in the lung. Future studies will be dedicated to understanding how miRNAs influence the oncogenic activity of TTF-1 and the role of TTF-1 in cholesterol metabolism.     

AMP-activated Protein Kinase Activation by 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carbox-amide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) Reduces Lipoteichoic Acid-induced Lung Inflammation

Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein (AMP)-activated kinase (AMPK) is a highly conserved kinase that plays a key role in energy homeostasis. Activation of AMPK was shown to reduce inflammation in response to lipolysaccharide in vitro and in vivo. 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carbox-amide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) is intracellularly converted to the AMP analog ZMP, which activates AMPK. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is a major component of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria that can trigger inflammatory responses. In contrast to lipopolysaccharide, little is known on the effects of AMPK activation in LTA-triggered innate immune responses. Here, we studied the potency of AMPK activation to reduce LTA-induced inflammation in vitro and in lungs in vivo. Activation of AMPK in vitro reduced cytokine production in the alveolar macrophage cell line MH-S. In vivo, AMPK activation reduced LTA-induced neutrophil influx, as well as protein leak and cytokine/chemokine levels in the bronchoalveolar space. In conclusion, AMPK activation inhibits LTA-induced lung inflammation in mice.