小兴安岭黑河胜山林区冬季驼鹿的生境选择

2002年、2003年和2004年的12月至3月,在小兴安岭黑河胜山林场开展了驼鹿生境选择的研究。研究中选择了9类与驼鹿生境选择相关的生态因子：植被型、离公路距离、离采伐点距离、平均雪深、隐蔽程度、坡向、坡位、坡度、海拔,运用SPSS软件进行交叉汇总定量分析。结果表明,胜山驼鹿冬季以落叶阔叶林、灌丛为主要生境,影响驼鹿分布的主要生态因子为隐蔽程度、坡位,其次为雪深、坡向、离采伐点距离、离公路距离,坡度、海拔对驼鹿分布的影响不明显。     

秦岭华山松群落数量分类研究

以秦岭华山松群落为研究对象,采用典型取样和随机取样相结合的方法在秦岭林区取400 m^2的样地36块.运用植被排表分析法和Ward最小距离聚类的方法将秦岭华山松进行了分类.结果表明,秦岭华山松群落可以分为5个群丛组7个群丛：华山松＋美丽胡枝子＋荩草群丛;华山松＋美丽胡枝子＋毛叶轴脉蕨群丛;华山松＋蔷薇＋崖棕群丛;华山松＋短梗胡枝子＋深绿蒿群丛;华山松＋陕西绣线菊＋香青群丛;华山松＋陕西绣线菊＋光蹄盖蕨群丛;华山松＋蛇梅群丛.同时针对不同群丛的特点提出合理化的经营和管理措施.     

天山南麓山前平原柽柳灌丛地上生物量

基于天山南麓山前平原柽柳灌丛样地调查和实验,研究了柽柳的地上生物量及其分布规律.结果表明,不同地貌带柽柳的地上生物量差异较大.在溢出带,柽柳的地上生物量最大,达1428.53 kg·hm^-2,其次是三角洲带和洪水剥蚀带,柽柳的平均地上生物量分别为745.97和544.37 kg·hm^-2,而两河交汇区柽柳的地上生物量最小,仅为111.18 kg·hm^-2.造成这种差异的主要原因是不同地貌带柽柳的密度不同.在轮台天山南麓山前平原4个地貌样带中,柽柳的地上生物量与表层土壤盐分含量均随地下水埋深的增加而下降,呈良好的相关性,但土壤盐分并不是影响柽柳地上生物量的主要因素,影响柽柳生长的主要生态因子是地下水埋深.     

新疆阿勒泰山两河源自然保护区地面生地衣的物种多样性

阿勒泰山地是我国著名水系额尔齐斯河和乌伦古河的发源地,该山地地衣植物的研究在中国乃至中亚都占有非常重要的科学地位。新疆阿勒泰山两河源自然保护区位于阿勒泰山东段,气候在新疆最为潮湿,其地衣植物种类十分丰富。作者在该保护区选择6个植被带类型,即山地荒漠带、山地草原带、针阔混交林带、针叶林带、亚高山草甸带、高山草甸带,研究了其地面生地衣植物的物种多样性特征。结果表明:阿勒泰山两河源自然保护区地衣植物区系成分丰富而且复杂,共有地面生地衣植物5科6属46种,以石蕊科种类最为丰富,约32种。该地区不同植被带类型下地面生地衣植物物种的S?renson相似性系数在0.200–0.739之间,以针阔混交林和针叶林带的相似性为最高(0.739),针阔混交林和高山草甸带地衣植物物种相似性最低(0.200)。各植被带地衣优势种中白边岛衣(Cetrarialaeuigata)、林鹿蕊(Cladoniaarbuscula)、佐木氏珊瑚枝(Stereocaulonsasakii)、鳞地卷(Peltigeralepido-phora)、喇叭粉石蕊(Cladoniachlorophaea)、东方鹿蕊(Cladinagrisea)等的重要值在0.5以上,其余优势种的重要值均在0.5以下;山地森林带地衣植物物种多样性最为丰富,在整个阿勒泰山两河源自然保护区地面生地衣植物群落中占据优势地位,为该地区地衣植物多样性的分布中心,是地衣植物多样性保护的关键地区。     

Phylogenetic systematics of the colorful, cyanide-producing millipedes of Appalachia (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae, Apheloriini) using a total evidence Bayesian approach

Here, we provide an exemplar-approach phylogeny of the xystodesmid millipede tribe Apheloriini with a focus on genus-group relationships-particularly of the genus Brachoria. Exemplars for the phylogenetic analysis were chosen to represent the maximum breadth of morphological diversity within all nominal genera in the tribe Apheloriini, and to broadly sample the genus Brachoria. In addition, three closely related tribes were used (Rhysodesmini, Nannariini, and Pachydesmini). Morphological and DNA sequence data were scored for Bayesian inference of phylogeny. Phylogenetic analysis resulted in polyphyletic genera Brachoria and Sigmoria, a monophyletic Apheloriini, and a "southern clade" that contains most of the tribal species diversity. We used this phylogeny to track morphological character histories and reconstruct ancestral states using stochastic character mapping. Based on the findings from the character mapping study, the diagnostic feature of the genus Brachoria, the cingulum, evolved independently in two lineages. We compared our phylogeny against prior classifications using Bayes factor hypothesis-testing and found that our phylogenetic hypothesis is inconsistent with the previous hypotheses underlying the most recent classification. With our preferred total-evidence phylogeny as a framework for taxonomic modifications, we describe a new genus, Appalachioria; supply phylogenetic diagnoses of monophyletic taxa; and provide a phylogeny-based classification for the tribe Apheloriini.     

A revision of the Appalachian millipede genus Brachoria Chamberlin, 1939 (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae: Apheloriini)

The apheloriine millipede genus Brachoria as presented here comprises 34 species distributed throughout the south‐eastern US Appalachian Mountains. Members of this genus are blind (like all millipedes in the order Polydesmida), large (4–6 cm in length), and display conspicuous aposematic coloration in yellow, red, orange, and violet. Many Brachoria species participate in Müllerian mimicry rings with co‐occurring Apheloriini, in particular with species in the genus Apheloria. Some areas contain five co‐mimic species of Apheloriini and a high local density totalling 43 individuals per 50 m². Since the first revision in 1959, workers have suggested that many more species were awaiting discovery in the Cumberland Mountains. Here I present a taxonomic revision and describe ten new species: Brachoria badbranchensis , Brachoria blackmountainensis , Brachoria campcreekensis , Brachoria cumberlandmountainensis , Brachoria flammipes , Brachoria grapevinensis , Brachoria guntermountainensis , Brachoria hendrixsoni , Brachoria sheari , and Brachoria virginia . Five of these new species occur in the Cumberland Mountain Thrust Block region and five occur elsewhere throughout the Appalachian Highlands in eastern Kentucky, north‐eastern Alabama, southern West Virginia, south‐western Virginia, and the Blue Ridge Mountains of Tennessee. A molecular phylogeny of Brachoria species is well supported at deeper divergences, corresponds closely with geography, and is used as a phylogenetic basis for the taxonomy presented here. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 159 , 817–889.     

Subalpine forest development following a blowdown in the Mount Zirkel Wilderness,Colorado

Abstract. We documented the occurrence of a 1934 blowdown in a subalpine forest in northwestern Colorado, USA. Prior to the blowdown, the stand was dominated by old‐growth Picea engelmannii ‐ Abies lasiocarpa forests. Although blowdowns are believed to trigger outbreaks of Dendroctonus rufipennis (spruce beetle), we found no detectable increase in beetle caused mortality. Forest recovery was by both release of the previously suppressed regeneration and by new seedling establishment. Both recovery pathways were dominated by Abies. The blowdown thus caused a shift in species dominance from Picea to Abies; 65 yr after the blowdown, the fallen logs and tip up mounds continue to provide favourable habitat for seedling establishment of both species. The present study shows that the legacy of blowdowns can influence forest dynamics for decades following the disturbance event.     

长江上游峨眉冷杉林结构特征的研究

通过对长江上游贡嘎山不同演替阶段峨眉冷杉（Abies fabri）林的野外调查和对比分析,探讨了峨眉冷杉林的结构特征。结果表明,成熟峨眉冷杉林下有丰富的峨眉冷杉种源,小于20年的峨眉冷杉更新幼树幼苗数量少,但却为唯一的优势更新树种,在冬瓜杨、峨眉冷杉混交林中,冬瓜杨、桦木等树种在最初30年高生长非常迅速并能很快占据优势地位。峨眉冷杉是一耐荫性很强的树种,幼龄期生长缓慢,但将更替其它树种形成稳定群落。贡嘎山海拔2900－3400m地区大规模泥石流为100多年发生一次,在泥石流发生地,川滇柳、冬瓜杨、桦树等树种首先出现在迹地并占据优势,在自然条件下恢复峨眉冷杉林将需要较长时间,可通过人为干预措施加以促进和调控。     

Vernal nitrogen and phosphorus retention by forest understory vegetation and soil microbes

Northern hardwood forests experience annual maximal loss of nutrients during spring. The vernal dam hypothesis predicts that spring ephemeral herbs in northern hardwood forests serve as sinks for nutrients during this season and reduce the loss of nutrients from the terrestrial ecosystem. Soil microbes of northern hardwood forests also sequester nutrients during spring. We compared the vernal nutrient acquisition ability of a soil microbial community and an understory plant community with species of mixed leaf phenology. We monitored nitrogen and phosphorus pool sizes in understory vegetation and soil microbes during spring from 1999 through 2001 in a northern hardwood forest in the Catskill Mountains, New York. Vegetation nutrient content increased during two spring seasons by an average of 3.07 g N m^–2 and 0.19 g P m^–2 and decreased during one spring by 0.81 g N m^–2 and 0.10 g P m^–2. Evergreen, wintergreen, and deciduous plant species were able to sequester nutrients during spring. Soil microbial nutrient content decreased during one spring by 1.29 g N m^–2 and remained constant during the other two springs. Streamwater nitrogen losses were not correlated with biotic nutrient uptake suggesting a temporal disconnect between the two processes. We conclude that understory vegetation is a larger potential sink for vernal nutrients than are soil microbes in this northern hardwood forest and understory and species representing multiple phenologies are capable of vernal nutrient uptake.