How fast and far might tree species migrate in the eastern United States due to climate change?

Aim We describe and use a model, SHIFT, to estimate potential migration due to climate change over the next 100 years. Location Eastern United States. Methods Five species, currently confined to the eastern half of the United States and not extending into Canada, were used to assess migration potential: Diospyros virginiana (persimmon), Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum), Oxydendrum arboreum (sourwood), Pinus taeda (loblolly pine), and Quercus falcata var. falcata (southern red oak). SHIFT is a matrix simulation model using simple inverse power functions to provide a distance decay of seed dispersal and is driven primarily by the abundance of the species near the boundary, the forest density within and beyond the boundary, and the distance between cells. For each cell outside the current boundary, the model creates an estimate of the probability that each unoccupied cell will become colonized over a period of 100 years. SHIFT is a ‘fat‐tailed’ migration model that allows rare very long distance dispersal events and colonization could occur up to 500 km beyond the current distribution boundary. Model outputs were analysed using transects through sections showing relatively low and high colonization probabilities as a result of low and high densities of target trees (high source strength) as well as high densities of forest (high sink strength). We also assess migration potential for species by concentric rings around the current boundary. Results Model outputs show the generally limited nature of migration for all five species over 100 years. There is a relatively high probability of colonization within a zone of 10–20 km (depending on habitat quality and species abundance) from the current boundary, but a small probability of colonization where the distance from the current boundary exceeds about 20 km. Whether biologically plausible or not, rare very long distance migration events are not sufficient to rescue migration. Species abundance (the source strength of migration) near the range boundary carried relatively more influence than percentage forest cover (sink strength) in determining migration rates. Main conclusion The transect evaluation revealed the importance of abundance of the species near the boundary, indicating that rare species may have much more difficulty in unassisted northward migration due to climate change. The concentric rings analysis of the model outputs showed that only the first 10–20 km of area would have a reasonably high probability of colonization. Rare, long‐distance events permit colonization of remote outliers, but much more needs to be understood about the likelihood of these rare events to predict the frequency of outlier establishment.     

Cd2+与CTAB复合污染对枫香幼苗生长与生理生化特征的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)与重金属Cd²⁺单一及复合污染对枫香幼苗生长和生理生化指标的影响。结果表明,在单一CTAB污染条件下,较低浓度的CTAB(0.1-0.5 g/kg) 能促进枫香幼苗的生长,较高浓度的CTAB(0.5-2g/kg) 对枫香幼苗有毒害作用。在单一浓度Cd²⁺处理条件下,土壤中Cd²⁺浓度为100mg/kg时,枫香幼苗的生长受到严重的抑制。在同一浓度Cd²⁺污染土壤中,随着浇灌水中CTAB浓度的增加,枫香幼苗的株高、干重、叶片叶绿素含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性都呈先升后降的趋势。与生长盛期比较,枫香幼苗生长末期的叶绿素含量大幅下降;由于幼苗长期处于复合污染条件下,生长末期叶片SOD、POD活性均低于生长盛期的酶活性;且随着时间推移,枫香幼苗叶片中丙二醛(MDA)积累量有所升高。     

滑坡和泥石流灾害与环境因子的关系

明确滑坡和泥石流灾害发生百分率与地学因子间的关系,对相关预报和危险度评价研究具有重要意义.基于全国18431个滑坡和泥石流灾害点的定位信息,结合1 km×1 km栅格内6个环境因子（高程、高差、坡度、坡向、植被类型、植被覆盖度）的空间分布数据,利用频率比数分析方法分析了这些环境因子与滑坡和泥石流灾害的关系.结果表明：滑坡和泥石流更多地分布于我国三大自然阶梯的第1和第2过渡带中海拔较低的地区;1 km×1 km栅格内高程差为300 m时,滑坡和泥石流灾害发生的可能性最大;当坡度为30°时,滑坡和泥石流灾害爆发的可能性最大;山区林地和坡耕地是最易发生滑坡和泥石流的两个地类;植被覆盖度在80%～90%时,滑坡和泥石流灾害的发生频率最高.     

台湾桤木引种的光合生理特性研究

以台湾桤木 Alnusformosana 引种2年生苗木为研究对象,探讨了台湾桤木的光合生理生态特性.结果表明: 1 叶片净光合速率 Pn 具有明显的日变化.中部叶Pn日变化在生长中期表现为双峰曲线型,高峰分别出现在9:00和15:00左右,峰值分别为15.03μmol·m-2·s-1和12.97μmol·m-2·s-1;在生长初期和末期为单峰曲线型.不同部位叶片Pn大小为:中部叶>顶部叶>基部叶. 2 不同部位叶片Pn表现出不同的季节变化特征.中部叶和顶部叶一年有两个高峰,高峰均出现在6月和8月;基部叶只有一个高峰,出现在6月.光合作用具有较广的温度适应范围.自然条件下叶片最大净光合速率为17.67μmol·m-2·s-1;人工条件下为20.2μmol·m-2·s-1,在新的环境条件下表现出较强的光合适应能力. 3 叶片LCP为33.32～67.47μmol·m-2·s-1,LSP为1332～1656μmol·m-2·s-1,具有较低的光补偿点和较高的光饱和点,表现出较强的弱光利用能力和强光利用潜力. 4 台湾桤木CO2补偿点为54.17～74.98μmol·mol-1,CO2饱和点在800μmol·mol-1左右;羧化效率为0.0270～0.0468.表现出较大光合作用潜力和较广的生存适应能力. 5 通径系数分析表明,Cond、Ci、Vpdl和RH是影响叶片光合速率变化最主要的直接作用因子.     

富氮营养对枫香幼苗弱光碳平衡能力的影响

采用室内模拟典型林型光环境和土壤氮素供给的方法,研究了不同光氮处理对枫香幼苗的存活率、叶功能性状、生物量分配和气体交换的影响;应用数学模型估算了不同光氮处理下全株的光补偿点,并与典型林型的林下光合有效辐射加以比较.结果表明： 富氮营养导致3.0%、6.0%透光率时枫香幼苗存活率(耐荫性)和比叶面积下降,而对幼苗生物量分配的影响不明显;富氮营养时光强对叶片最大光合速率影响显著,而弱光下增加氮素供给导致基于质量的叶片暗呼吸速率增加;光、氮对茎呼吸速率有显著影响,而光氮互作对叶呼吸速率有影响;3.0%、6.0%和12.0%透光率时,增加氮素供给使整株补偿点上升,而25.0%透光率下则使其下降.增加氮素供给导致的弱光下枫香幼苗的耐荫性下降与其碳平衡能力变化相关联.在大气氮沉降增加背景下,我国枫香种群的维持可能更加依赖于干扰和林隙更新,进而对其动态产生深刻的影响.     

Foliar nutrient concentrations and hardwood growth influenced by cultural treatments

Summary Six species of hardwoods were planted at a 3 by 3 m spacing on a slackwater clay soil (Vertic Haplaquept) in western Mississippi and subjected to three intensities of cultural treatments. Periodic disking significantly increased heights, diameters, and survival of trees. Cultural treatments during the 4 years of the study did not cause any significant changes in soil nutrient levels. Disking eliminated vines and weeds and thus made more water available to trees. Trees growing on disked plots had significantly higher N and Ca and significantly lower P and Mg concentrations in foliage than trees in mowed and control plots. Trees in mowed plots had significantly lower K than control plots, while disked plots had K concentrations that were intermediate between mowed and control. Cottonwood had the highest nutrient concentrations and sycamore the lowest for most elements tested. Other species were intermediate, and no ranking was apparent.     

桉-桤混合凋落物分解及其土壤动物群落动态

采用放置不同孔径凋落袋(6目、30目和260目)的方法,研究了四川省乐山市苏稽镇不同比例巨桉(Eucalyptus grandis)与台湾桤木(Alnus formosana)混合凋落物的质量损失率及土壤动物群落结构的变化.结果表明:不同比例桉-桤混合凋落物均表现出前期分解迅速,后期分解较慢的规律.不同孔径凋落物袋中凋落物的分解率表现为6目最大,30目次之,260目最小.同孔径凋落物袋中不同比例桉-桤混合凋落物的分解速率也有不同,6目中各种凋落物分解时长相差较小,而30目和260目中纯巨桉、纯台湾桤木凋落物分解率达95%的时间之差分别为1175 d和908 d.凋落物分解过程中大型土壤动物类群结构发生了明显变化,分解初期主要为啮虫目,中期为后孔寡毛目,后期为鞘翅目,末期为双翅目.这些结果为进一步研究桉桤混交林物质循环提供了重要数据.     

Forest phenology and a warmer climate – growing season extension in relation to climatic provenance

Predicting forest responses to warming climates relies on assumptions about niche and temperature sensitivity that remain largely untested. Observational studies have related current and historical temperatures to phenological shifts, but experimental evidence is sparse, particularly for autumn responses. A 4 year field experiment exposed four deciduous forest species from contrasting climates (Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus rubra, Populus grandidentata, and Betula alleghaniensis) to air temperatures 2 and 4 °C above ambient controls, using temperature‐controlled open top chambers. Impacts of year‐round warming on bud burst (BB), senescence, and abscission were evaluated in relation to thermal provenance. Leaves emerged earlier in all species by an average of 4–9 days at +2 °C and 6–14 days at +4 °C. Magnitude of advance varied with species and year, but was larger for the first 2 °C increment than for the second. Effect of warming increased with early BB, favoring Liquidambar, but even BB of northern species advanced, despite temperatures exceeding those of the realized niche. Treatment differences in BB were inadequately explained by temperature sums alone. In autumn, chlorophyll was retained an average of 4 and 7 days longer in +2 and +4 °C treatments, respectively, and abscission delayed by 8 and 13 days. Growing seasons in the warmer atmospheres averaged 5–18 days (E2) and 6–28 days (E4) longer, according to species, with the least impact in Quercus. Results are compared with a 16 years record of canopy onset and offset in a nearby upland deciduous forest, where BB showed similar responsiveness to spring temperatures (2–4 days °C^?1). Offset dates in the stand tracked August–September temperatures, except when late summer drought caused premature senescence. The common garden‐like experiment provides evidence that warming alone extends the growing season, at both ends, even if stand‐level impacts may be complicated by variation in other environmental factors.     

Evaluation of nutritional status of an edible grasshopper,Oxya Chinensis Formosana

This study was conducted to examine the nutritional status of the grasshopper (Oxya chinensis formosana, OCF) as human food, exploring it as an alternative edible resource. Analysis of free amino acid shows that there are various essential amino acids in addition to saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in OCF dried powder. Analysis of the mineral contents and vitamins of dried OCF indicates that it is rich in calcium, vitamin B₆, and niacin. The heavy metal content of OCF recorded was low, making it safe for human consumption: OCF had plumbum at 0.01–0.03 mg/100 g, cadmium at 0.002–0.005 mg/100 g, arsenic at 0.07–0.17 mg/100 g, and mercury at 0.0003–0.0007 mg/100 g. In conclusion, given its high nutritive quality in terms of proteins and fats, coupled with lower heavy metal content, it would be recommended to use the grasshopper (OCF) as substitute to the traditional sources of protein.