Allozyme variations in Michelia formosana (Kanehira) Masamune(Magnoliaceae), and the inference of a glacial refugium in Taiwan

  Michelia formosana is distributed islandwide in Taiwan and also occurs in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Allozyme genetic variability in M. formosana (Magnoliaceae) was investigated using five polymorphic loci (Pgm-1, Idh-1, Mr-1, Skdh-1, and Ppo-3) from five enzyme systems. The average value of expected heterozygosity (H_e) describing within-population variation was 0.241. The overall F_is (0.0736) indicates a significant deficiency of heterozygotes at the population level. This positive value of F_is is mainly contributed from populations found at Pinglin, Chienshi, Wufeng, and the Ryukyus, all located at northern latitudes, and is also caused by locus Ppo-3. Among-population variation, F_st, accounted for 10.6% of the total heterozygosity and deviates significantly from zero. This populational differentiation agrees well with that of general tropical woody species outcrossed by animals. The population on Lanyu (Orchid Island) has some morphological differences from the plants native to Taiwan, but this was not reflected in the cluster analysis using the unweighted pair group method. Pgm-1d, however, is the diagnostic characteristic for the plants growing on Lanyu as it is entirely absent from all other populations of M. formosana. About 18% of the alleles of this study show clinal geographical variation and were found to be significantly related to latitudinal gradients throughout the species range. This, however, is not a linear relation but a curve with a peak form which is exactly the same as the relationship between expected heterozygosities of populations and latitude. This observation suggests that Nantou County, in central Taiwan could be a glacial refugium for genetic diversity of M. formosana. This inference is further supported by analysis of published studies on seven widely spread plant species in Taiwan. Location of this glacial refugium is probably related to the first emergence of the Central Mountain Ridge millions of years ago that naturally becamed the major window to receive genetic diversity from the Asian mainland. Received: 16 April 2000 / Accepted: 12 May 2000     

不同光强对两种桤木幼苗光合特性和抗氧化系统的影响

通过搭建荫棚设置3种不同的光强, 模拟森林幼苗生长的旷地(砍伐迹地)、林窗和林下光照环境(分别为100%、56.2%和12.5%的全光照), 比较研究了外来种台湾桤木(Alnus formosana)和乡土种桤木(A. cremastogyne)幼苗的叶形态、光合能力、热耗散和抗氧化酶的活性, 探讨了两树种幼苗对光强的适应及光保护策略。结果表明: 在3种光强下, 一定光强范围内随着光强的增加, 两种桤木幼苗的比叶重(LMA)、类胡萝卜素(Cars)、类胡萝卜素/叶绿素(Cars/Chl)和抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX))活性升高, 最大净光合速率(P_max)、光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)具有升高的趋势; Chl含量和瞬时光能利用效率(LUE)降低; 净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、气孔限制值(L_s)升高, 胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)降低, 推测P_n降低的主要因素是非气孔限制, 表明两种桤木幼苗均能适应不同的生长光强。生长在相同光强下, 桤木幼苗光抑制现象比台湾桤木幼苗严重, 台湾桤木幼苗对光强适应能力较强。随着光照强度的增加, 台湾桤木幼苗NPQ增加不显著, 热耗散较少, 相同光强下P_max和抗氧化酶活性显著高于桤木幼苗, 而桤木幼苗随着光强的增加热耗散显著, 表明在光抑制时, 台湾桤木幼苗主要是通过提高P_max利用光能和抗氧化酶系统进行保护性调节, 桤木幼苗则通过天线系统非辐射耗散将过剩的光能以热能的形式消耗掉。     

三峡库区常绿阔叶林优势种群的结构和格局动态

重庆丰都世坪森林公园的常绿阔叶林是长江三峡库区低海拔区残存的较典型的常绿阔叶林.在此地选择具有代表性群落设立1hm2固定样地,应用相邻格子法进行每木调查,通过乔木层优势种群结构和格局研究,探讨群落的特点和动态.结果表明(1)此群落的优势树种是小红栲(Castanopsis carlesii)、丝栗栲(Castanopsis fargesii)和枫香(Liquidambar formosana).(2)小红栲和丝栗栲种群立木级结构呈不规则金字塔型,幼苗储备丰富,为增长种群,种群从Ⅰ、Ⅱ级幼苗发育到幼树过程中的死亡率较高,中等径级的株数偏少.枫香种群幼苗缺乏,为衰退种群.(3)应用偏离指数、Lloyd的平均拥挤度和聚块性指数及Morisita指数,在10×10m2尺度下对优势种群进行格局分析,发现3种优势种群成树总体上均为集群分布;小红栲和丝栗栲种群在发育过程中分布格局是由集群分布过渡到随机分布,而枫香是由随机分布过渡到集群分布.     

枫香变红过程中叶片组织结构、光合特性及色素含量变化研究

枫香(Liquidambar formosana)因其叶片入秋后逐渐变红而极具观赏价值,是优良的景观生态树种。为了解枫香叶片结构变化与叶色的关系,该文通过连续监测枫香叶片变红过程中组织结构、光合特性及色素含量的变化,分析叶片结构与其光合特性和色素的关系。结果表明：(1)叶片变色过程中,表皮细胞均为椭圆形,紧密排列,未观察到明显的细胞变异,表面未附着绒毛和蜡质,且上表皮细胞与栅栏组织细胞间排列紧密,未出现较大的气室。(2)随着叶片逐渐变红,叶片结构变化显著,其中叶片、上表皮、栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度及气孔开度均逐渐减小,而气孔器长和宽、单个气孔器面积则逐渐增大。(3)随着叶片结构的变化,其叶绿素含量逐渐减少,致使净光合速率逐渐减小,在出现光破坏时,叶片通过在栅栏组织细胞液泡内合成花色苷来自我保护,而大量的花色苷致使叶片表面呈现红色。综上认为,叶绿素含量降低,花色素苷大量积累是导致枫香叶片变红的直接原因,而枫香叶色变红则是其一系列生理结构特征综合作用的结果。     

Susceptibility of Oncomelania hupensis formosana recombinants and hybrids with Oncomelania hupensis nosophora to infection with Schistosoma japonicum

Chiu J.-K., Ong S.-J., Yu J.-C., Kao C.-Y. and Iuima T. 1981. Susceptibility of Oncomelania hupensis formosana recombinants and hybrids with Oncomelania hupensis nosophora to infection with Schistosoma japonicum. International Journal for Parasitology11: 391–397. Three generations of Oncomelania hupensis formosana recombinants were produced by mating the Kaohsiung race with the Ilan and Changhua races of the snails. F₂ and F₃ recombinants were produced by back-crossing F₁ and F₂ with Kaohsiung O. h. formosana. Subsequently, susceptibility of recombinants to infection with the original strain of Schistosoma japonicum, Ilan or Changhua strain, was investigated. Results indicated that susceptibility of recombinants declined steadily generation by generation. Marked decline of infectivity was observed for Kaohsiung-Ilan recombinants as compared with Kaohsiung-Changhua recombinants. For example, the overall infection rate of Kaohsiung-Ilan F₁ recombinants was 7.3 % with a 51.4 % of control snails. The same figures for F₂ were 4.2 and 52.6%, and 1 and 40.3 % for F₃. On the other hand, the overall infection rate of Kaohsiung-Changhua F₁ recombinants was 21.9% with a 46.9% of control snails; and 11.9 and 50.3 % for F₂; and 7.6 and 33.2% for F₃. The F₃ hybrids of Oncomelania hupensis nosophora from Japan and O. h. formosana from Kaohsiung and Ilan were also produced, and susceptibility with the Japanese strain of S. japonicum was studied. A highly significant decline of susceptibility was observed among hybrids (4.4%) in contrast with control snails (85.6 %).Feasibility of applying O. h. formosana in biological control of S. japonicum was discussed. One must determine in the laboratory, prior to application, which race of O. h. formosana should be used depending on the Oncomelania snails of an endemic area. For S. japonicum prevalent in Yamanashi, Japan, the Ilan race of O. h. formosana was found to be better choice than the Kaohsiung race of the snails.     

THE NEW GENUS YONAGUNIA KAWAGUCHI ET MASUDA (HALYMENIACEAE,RHODOPHYTA), BASED ON Y. TENUIFOLIA KAWAGUCHI ET MASUDA SP. NOV. FROM SOUTHERN JAPAN AND INCLUDING Y. FORMOSANA (OKAMURA) KAWAGUCHI ET MASUDA COMB. NOV. FROM SOUTHEAST ASIA1

Yonagunia Kawaguchi et Masuda, gen. nov. (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) is proposed to accommodate a new species, Yonagunia tenuifolia Kawaguchi et Masuda and the species currently known as Prionitis formosana (Okamura) Kawaguchi et Nguyen. Based on auxiliary cell ampullar features, Yonagunia is included in the group of genera with the simplest type of ampulla (the Grateloupia type) that comprises Dermocorynus, Grateloupia, Kintokiocolax, Phyllymenia, and Zymurgia. However, Yonagunia differs from these genera in the behavior of cells in the ampullar filaments immediately after diploidization, most cells of the primary and secondary filaments simultaneously dividing to form grape‐like clusters of small globular cells that subsequently elongate and produce involucral filaments to laxly surround the maturing carposporophyte. Yonagunia is resolved by our rbcL gene sequence analyses as one of five monophyletic clades within the Halymeniaceae (an Aeodes/Pachymenia, a Polyopes, a Carpopertis/Cryptonemia/Halymenia, a Yonagunia, and a Grateloupia clade) that is positioned as sister to the Grateloupia clade. Carpogonial branch apparatuses are identified as a potential taxonomic significance on the same level as auxiliary cell ampullae.     

High-frequency induction of adventitious shoots from hypocotyl segments ofLiquidambar styracifiua L. by thidiazuron

The effects of thidiazuron (TDZ) on adventitious bud and shoot formation from hypocotyl segments of sweetgum (Liquidambar styracifiua) were tested alone and in combination with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The combination of 1 mg/1 TDZ with 0.01 mg/l 2,4-D resulted in the highest frequency of bud production. Lower concentrations of TDZ stimulated shoot production, generating the most shoots at 0.1 mg/1 TDZ with 0.01 mg/1 of 2,4-D. Inhibition of shoot elongation by TDZ was overcome by transferring shoot cultures to a shoot proliferation medium lacking TDZ or containing naphthaleneacetic acid and benzyladenine in addition to TDZ. Shoot production in liquid culture was significantly greater than that in solid culture. Comparisons of in vitro and ex vitro rooting of the adventitious shoots demonstrated that ex vitro rooting produced plants with faster growth rates and more extensive root systems.Abbreviations BA Benzyladenine - IBA indole-3-butyric acid - NAA naphthaleneacetic acid - PGR plant growth regulator - TDZ thidiazuron - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid     

Diet-dependent fecundity of the spiders Atypena formosana and Pardosa pseudoannulata, predators in irrigated rice

1 The fecundity of the spiders Atypena formosana and Pardosa pseudoannulata was assessed on diets of brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (BPH), green leafhopper Nephotettix virescens (GLH), Collembola (Entomobryidae), Droso phila melanogaster and three prey mixtures; BPH–GLH, BPH–GLH–Collembola and a full mixed diet of BPH–GLH–Collembola–D. melanogaster. 2 Egg production and hatching success was high in A. formosana except on the BPH, the GLH and the BPH–GLH diets. In P. pseudoannulata egg production and hatching success was lowest on diets of GLH and BPH–GLH, whereas this spider used BPH better. 3 Differences between offspring sizes were small. 4 Survival of A. formosana females was lowest on the GLH and BPH–GLH diets. In P. pseudoannulata survival did not differ significantly. 5 Food conversion efficiency was highest on the Collembola and the D. melanogaster diets for both spiders. 6 Overall, diets of Collembola and D. melanogaster had the highest quality for both spiders, the BPH–GLH–Collembola and the full mixed diets were intermediate in quality, the quality of the BPH diet was intermediate to low and quality of the GLH and BPH–GLH diets was low. 7 There need not be a contradiction between low dietary value of hoppers and successful natural biological control provided that the nutritional needs of the spiders are met by sufficient alternative prey. 8 The hopper‐spider relationship is comparable to that of aphids and spiders in temperate cereals, suggesting that low dietary quality of Homopterans to spiders may be widespread.